IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute

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  • 1.
    Awad, Raed
    et al.
    IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet.
    A. de Miranda, Daniele
    P. Benskin, Jonathan
    Lepoint, Gilles
    Leonel, Juliana
    Hatje, Vanessa
    Bioaccumulation of Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in a tropical estuarine food web2020Inngår i: Science of the Total Environment, ISSN 0048-9697, E-ISSN 1879-1026Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract The biomagnification of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) was investigated in a tropical mangrove food web from an estuary in Bahia, Brazil. Samples of 44 organisms (21 taxa), along with biofilm, leaves, sediment and suspended particulate matter were analyzed. Sum (∑) PFAS concentrations in biota samples were dominated by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 93% detection frequency in tissues; 0.05 to 1.97 ng g⁻¹ ww whole-body (wb)), followed by perfluorotridecanoate (PFTrDA, 57%; 0.01 to 0.28 ng g⁻¹ ww wb). PFOS precursors such as perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA, 54%; 0.01 to 0.32 ng g⁻¹ ww wb) and N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA; 30%; 0.01 to 0.21 ng g⁻¹ ww wb) were also detected. PFAS accumulation profiles revealed different routes of exposure among bivalve, crustacean and fish groups. Statistics for left-censored data were used in order to minimize bias on trophic magnification factors (TMFs) calculations. TMFs >1 were observed for PFOS (linear + branched isomers), EtFOSA (linear + branched isomers), and perfluorononanoate (PFNA), and in all cases, dissimilar accumulation patterns were observed among different trophic positions. The apparent biodilution of some long-chain PFCAs through the food chain (TMF < 1) may be due to exposure from multiple PFAS sources. This is the first study investigating bioaccumulation of PFASs in a tropical food web and provides new insight on the behavior of this ubiquitous class of contaminants.

  • 2.
    Awad, Raed
    et al.
    IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet.
    Johann Bolinius, Dämien
    IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet.
    Strandberg, Johan
    IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet.
    Yang, Jing-Jing
    IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet.
    Sandberg, Jasmin
    IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet.
    Adeoye Bello, Musbau
    IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet.
    Egelrud, Liselott
    IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet.
    Härnwall, Eva-Lena
    IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet.
    Gobelius, Laura
    PFAS in waste residuals from Swedish incineration plants: A systematic investigation2021Rapport (Annet vitenskapelig)
    Abstract [en]

    Incineration is the dominant treatment for residual waste in Sweden. It is desirable to reach complete thermal oxidation of chemical substances in the incineration process to destroy toxic substances contained in waste. Otherwise, there is a risk of toxic substances being released into the environment through incineration residuals. This project has investigated to which extent Swedish waste incineration plants emit PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) via bottom ash, fly ash and condensate water. 

    Of 38 incineration plants in Sweden, 27 (in total 31 furnaces) joined the project, answered questionnaires about operating parameters, and sampled incineration residuals. Five samples from each matrix, fly ash, bottom ash, or condensate water, were collected during a two-week period to compensate for the variation over time. 

    The collected samples of bottom ash, fly ash and condensate were analysed for 27 different PFAS according to a methodology developed by IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, based on LC-MS / MS. Out of the 27 incineration plants in this project, five plants had no samples with PFAS-27 concentrations above the analytical limit of detection in any of the matrices. Generally, the results show low concentrations in the sampled matrices from most plants, with a few exceptions. No apparent relationships were found between the analysed concentrations of PFAS in the sampling matrices and the operational data.

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  • 3.
    Awad, Raed
    et al.
    IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet.
    Zhou, Yihui
    Nyberg, Elisabeth
    Namazkar, Shahla
    Wu, Yongning
    Xiao, Qianfen
    Yaije, Sun
    Zhu, Zhi-Liang
    Bergman, Åke
    P. Benskin, Jonathan
    Emerging Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Human Milk from Sweden and China2020Inngår i: Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, ISSN 2050-7887, E-ISSN 2050-7895, Vol. 19, nr 22Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract Twenty per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were determined in human milk from residents of three Chinese cities (Shanghai, Jiaxing, and Shaoxing), sampled between 2010 and 2016. These data were compared to a combination of new and previously reported PFAS concentrations in human milk from Stockholm, Sweden, collected in 2016. Across the three Chinese cities, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA; sum isomers), 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanone-1-sulfonic acid (9Cl-PF3ONS; trade name F53-B), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; sum isomers) occurred at the highest concentrations among all PFAS (up to 411, 976, and 321 pg/mL, respectively), while in Stockholm, PFOA and PFOS were dominant (up to 89 and 72 pg/mL, respectively). 3H-perfluoro-3-[(3-methoxy-propoxy) propanoic acid (ADONA) was intermittently detected but at concentrations below the method quantification limit (i.e. <10 pg/mL) in Chinese samples, and was non-detectable in Swedish milk. The extremely high concentrations of F53-B in Chinese milk suggest that human exposure assessments focused only on legacy substances may severely underestimate overall PFAS exposure in breastfeeding infants.

  • 4.
    Awad, Raed
    et al.
    IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet. Department of Environmental Science (ACES);Stockholm University;106 91 Stockholm;Sweden;Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL).
    Zhou, Yihui
    State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse;College of Environmental Science and Engineering;Tongji University;Shanghai 200092;China.
    Nyberg, Elisabeth
    Department of Contaminants;Swedish Environmental Protection Agency;SE-106 48 Stockholm;Sweden.
    Namazkar, Shahla
    Department of Environmental Science (ACES);Stockholm University;106 91 Stockholm;Sweden.
    Yongning, Wu
    NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment;China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment;Beijing;China.
    Xiao, Qianfen
    State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse;College of Environmental Science and Engineering;Tongji University;Shanghai 200092;China.
    Sun, Yaije
    Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment (Ministry of Education);College of Environmental Science and Engineering;Tongji University;Shanghai 200092;China.
    Zhu, Zhiliang
    Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment (Ministry of Education);College of Environmental Science and Engineering;Tongji University;Shanghai 200092;China.
    Bergman, Åke
    Department of Environmental Science (ACES);Stockholm University;106 91 Stockholm;Sweden;State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse.
    Benskin, Jonathan P.
    Department of Environmental Science (ACES);Stockholm University;106 91 Stockholm;Sweden.
    Emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human milk from Sweden and China2020Inngår i: Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, ISSN 2050-7887, E-ISSN 2050-7895, Vol. 22, nr 10, s. 2023-2030Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract Twenty per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were determined in human milk from residents of three Chinese cities (Shanghai, Jiaxing, and Shaoxing), sampled between 2010 and 2016.

    These data were compared to a combination of new and previously reported PFAS concentrations in human milk from Stockholm, Sweden, collected in 2016.

    Across the three Chinese cities, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA; sum isomers), 9-chlorohexadecafluoro-3-oxanone-1-sulfonic acid (9Cl-PF3ONS; trade name F53-B), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS; sum isomers) occurred at the highest concentrations among all PFAS (up to 411, 976, and 321 pg/mL, respectively), while in Stockholm, PFOA and PFOS were dominant (up to 89 and 72 pg/mL, respectively).

    3H-perfluoro-3-[(3-methoxy-propoxy) propanoic acid (ADONA) was intermittently detected but at concentrations below the method quantification limit (i.e. <10 pg/mL) in Chinese samples, and was non-detectable in Swedish milk.

    The extremely high concentrations of F53-B in Chinese milk suggest that human exposure assessments focused only on legacy substances may severely underestimate overall PFAS exposure in breastfeeding infants.

  • 5.
    Johansson, Jana H.
    et al.
    Department of Thematic Studies - Environmental Change, Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden;Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Bolinius, Damien
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, 100 31 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Strandberg, Johan
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, 100 31 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Yang, Jing-Jing
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, 100 31 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Benskin, Jonathan P.
    Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Awad, Raed
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, 100 31 Stockholm, Sweden.
    Emission of Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Unidentified Organofluorine from Swedish Municipal Waste Incineration Plants2024Inngår i: Environmental Science and Technology Letters, E-ISSN 2328-8930, Vol. 11, nr 12, s. 1377-1383Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    Incineration is commonly used to dispose of waste contaminated with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), despite few experimental data supporting the efficacy of this technique. To investigate the prevalence of PFAS in residuals from Swedish municipal waste incineration (MWI) plants, samples of fly ash, bottom ash, and flue gas condensate were collected from 27 of Sweden’s 38 plants and analyzed for 13 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). ∑13PFAA concentrations ranged from 0.28 to 180 ng/L, 0.22–1.6 μg/kg, and 0.18–38 μg/kg, in condensate, bottom ash, and fly ash, respectively (detection frequencies of 79, 21, and 30%, respectively). Total fluorine (TF) measurements in a subset of samples revealed concentrations of <0.20–11 mg F/L in condensate (n = 8) and 120–5400 μg F/g in ashes (n = 8), the former of which was primarily attributed to inorganic fluorine. Extractable organofluorine (EOF) exceeded ∑13PFAA concentrations by up to 3 orders of magnitude (0.70–16 μg F/g in fly ash [n = 3] and <0.80–9.0 μg F/L for condensate [n = 2]), suggesting that the majority of fluorine occurring in MWI residuals remains unidentified. Collectively, these data demonstrate that despite temperatures exceeding 1000 °C, PFAAs and other fluorinated substances may form and/or persist during incineration and risk being released to the environment via MWI residues.

  • 6.
    Kärrman, Anna
    et al.
    Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, Sweden.
    Yeung, Leo W. Y.
    Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), Örebro University, Sweden.
    Spaan, Kyra M.
    Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Sweden.
    Lange, Frank Thomas
    TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Germany.
    Nguyen, Minh Anh
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Sweden.
    Plassmann, Merle
    Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Sweden.
    de Wit, Cynthia A.
    Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Sweden.
    Scheurer, Marco
    TZW: DVGW-Technologiezentrum Wasser, Germany.
    Awad, Raed
    IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet. IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Sweden.
    Benskin, Jonathan P.
    Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Sweden.
    Can determination of extractable organofluorine (EOF) be standardized? First interlaboratory comparisons of EOF and fluorine mass balance in sludge and water matrices2021Inngår i: Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, ISSN 2050-7887, E-ISSN 2050-7895, Vol. 23, nr 10, s. 1458-1465Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert)
    Abstract [en]

    The high proportion of unidentified extractable organofluorine (EOF) observed globally in humans and the environment indicates widespread occurrence of unknown per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).

    However, efforts to standardize or assess the reproducibility of EOF methods are currently lacking. Here we present the first EOF interlaboratory comparison in water and sludge. Three participants (four organizations) analyzed unfortified and PFAS-fortified ultrapure water, two unfortified groundwater samples, unfortified wastewater treatment plant effluent and sludge, and an unfortified groundwater extract.

    Participants adopted common sample handling strategies and target lists for EOF mass balance but used in-house combustion ion-chromatography (CIC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods.

    EOF accuracy ranged from 85-101% and 76-109% for the 60 and 334 ng L-1 fluorine (F) - fortified water samples, respectively, with between-laboratory variation of 9-19%, and within-laboratory variation of 3-27%. In unfortified sludge and aqueous samples, between-laboratory variation ranged from 21-37%.

    The contribution from sum concentrations of 16 individual PFAS (∑PFAS-16) to EOF ranged from 2.2-60% but extended analysis showed that other targets were prevalent, in particular ultra-short-chain perfluoroalkyl acids (e.g. trifluoroacetic acid) in aqueous samples and perfluoroalkyl acid-precursors (e.g. polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters) in sludge.

    The EOF-CIC method demonstrated promising accuracy, robustness and reporting limits but poor extraction efficiency was observed for some targets (e.g. trifluoroacetic acid).

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