IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute

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  • 1.
    Boberg, Nils
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    De Jong, Annelise
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Emilsson, Erik
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Stattin, Eva
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Digitaliseringens möjligheter inom avfallsanläggningar - System som optimerar och skapar nya värden och smart teknik banar väg för effektiva lösningar2021Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Det pratas mycket om den nya smarta tekniken med sensorer, robotar och drönare som tillsammans med artificiell intelligens, maskininlärning och omfattande datakraft ska revolutionera avfallssektorn. Samtidigt är det många som upplever att det kan vara svårt se vilka faktiska nyttor som kommer att uppstå när digital teknik ska implementeras i den egna verksamheten. För många känns utmaningarna lika oändliga som de löften som tekniken kommer med. Därför har IVL tillsammans med Avfall Sverige drivit ett projekt där vi fokuserat på nyttan med den teknik som kan vara av speciellt intresse för avfallsanläggningar.

    I skriften ”System som optimerar och skapar nya värden” har vi lagt fokus vid digitala systemlösningar. Med generell information om vad man behöver tänka på i kombination med konkreta exempel och erfarenhetsdelning belyser vi möjligheter och utmaningar från två perspektiv: Hur man genererar nytta inom den egna verksamheten och hur man kan använda systemlösningar för att samverka med andra.

    I skriften ”Smart teknik banar väg för effektiva lösningar” förmedlar vi vilken nytta som kan uppstå för avfallsanläggningen när sensorer och annan smart teknik blir en del av verksamheten och vad man bör tänka på när man börjar tillämpa smart teknik, såsom drönare och robotar.

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  • 2.
    de Jong, Annelise
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Borisova, Stanislava
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Hallberg, Lisa
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Sondal, Jonas
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Molin, Elvira
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Lidfeldt, Matilda
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    LCA Systemanalys av återanvändbara förpackningar för take-away mat och dryck2023Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This study is reported by IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute on behalf of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and investigates the environmental impact of reusable packaging for takeaway food and beverages. The report serves as a basis for a government assignment carried out by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and the National Food Agency to produce guidance and guidelines for reusable food boxes and cups (M2021/02087). In the new regulation (2021: 996) on disposable products, increased requirements for reuse of packaging are in place from January 2024 including registration of reuse systems at the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. There are also requirements for actors to inform their customers about the environmental impact of the use of disposable packaging and about the benefits of reduced consumption of the packaging.

    The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency has commissioned this study to develop knowledge on the environmental impact of reusable packaging and to show advantages of these over single-use packaging, based on the entire life cycle from the manufacture of reusable packaging to several use cycles, and waste management. Materials that were analyzed for mugs are fossil-based plastics, biobased plastics, and steel, and for boxes materials are fossil-based plastics, biobased plastics, glass, and steel.

    A system analysis (LCA) was applied to answer the following questions in the study:

    How (when and how) brought reusable cups and lunchboxes should be used?

    Which materials for reusable cups and lunchboxes should be used to maximize environmental benefits?

    Results show that raw material extraction dominates for all material alternatives, except for fossil plastics where the incineration in the waste stage also has a significant climate impact. If not accounting for the fact that glass or steel can be used more times than plastic, glass and steel have a much higher impact than plastic due to higher weight since steel also has a greater climate impact per kg of material when manufacturing the material. Still the study signals that fossil-based plastic (in this study PP) is probably the worst material from a climate point of view, which is largely due to the fact that incineration of the container sooner or later contributes to fossil climate impact.

    The bio-based plastic alternative is good from a climate point of view, mainly because the combustion of a bio-based material does not contribute to fossil climate impact, but also because the impact of production of the material is lower, although this is uncertain as the data used in this study is based on an LCA published by a single supplier. For steel packaging the challenge in the analysis was partly to try to do this material justice as it can be used more times than the plastic materials, but also that it has been difficult to define a product weight that is representative in comparison with the other materials. The study also shows that glass (which is only related to food boxes in this study) is a good option. The choice of material for mugs or boxes is thus important and should involve consideration of the durability of the material(s) in terms of number of usages.

    Transport has a relatively small impact overall, but the transport to "users" is visible even if it means less than the cleaning. The heavier the mug/box is, the greater the impact from transport. The cleaning is an important part but is relatively small compared to the raw material phase of packaging production. Non-centralized cleaning has not been analyzed but should give a lower impact (due to no transport), but possibly a higher impact (due to less efficiency), and this could possibly weigh each other out, but has not been analysed. 

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  • 3.
    De Jong, Annelise
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Fjellander, Liv
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Sharing Communities - Final report 20212021Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In Sweden, many people are used to sharing historically, having open access to large public spaces and the right of public access, as well as functions such as care, sports halls, laundries and waste management, mobility such as public transport and products, such as in libraries, parks, and leisure centers. Sharing stuff, transport, spaces, time and knowledge has the potential to contribute to a number of sustainability gains, both ecological, social and economic.

    Based on identified success factors and pitfalls, we describe what to consider when it comes to collaboration with residents, collaboration with actors, collaboration internally and collaboration with the district within sharing. A guide has been developed for Stockholmshem primarily for area managers, customer service and central support functions within the housing company for collaborative dialogues about sharing, but which is open to other housing companies to use. The guide provides seven steps to increase the opportunities for sharing between residents and businesses in residential areas:

    1.  Make an inventory

    2.  Set sustainability goals

    3.  Create dialogue

    4.  Design and develop

    5.  Support engagement and growth

    6.  Develop support systems

    7.  Support independence and further development

    The project has been led by IVL Swedish Environmental Institute in collaboration with Stockholmshem, IIIEE Lund University and ÅWL Architects. It has been implemented as a strategic project within Sharing Cities Sweden, part of the strategic innovation program Viable Cities for smart and sustainable cities, which is supported in a joint initiative by Vinnova, the Swedish Energy Agency and Formas.

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  • 4.
    de Jong, Annelise M.
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Mellquist, Ann-Charlotte
    The Potential of Plastic Reuse for Manufacturing: A Case Study into Circular Business Models for an On-Line Marketplace2021In: Sustainability, E-ISSN 2071-1050, Vol. 13, no 4, p. 2007-2007Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The plastic industry is facing increasingly growing social and political demands on plastic recycling and reuse. The resource perspective is essential for plastic production companies. Circular economy is one perspective for how industries could deal with a lack of resources today and in the future. However, there are large challenges in the reuse of plastics waste, predominantly due to concern regarding the quality of the waste material. Our paper focuses on the potential of the exchange of plastic material waste between companies in the production process before it enters into the recycling loop. In this study our aim is to investigate if an on-line marketplace is relevant for the plastic industry for this exchange, the market potential and the potential business model and requirements of the marketplace. Through interviews and benchmarking with five platform providers and two plastic manufacturing companies, we collected information on the business models of international digital platforms and plastic manufacturers concerning the exchange of reusable materials between companies. We also collected data through a survey sent out to plastic manufacturers via two industry organizations in Sweden. This paper will present the results from the study and conclude with a description of draft requirements with particular focus on direct reuse of regrind material, and a potential business model for the on-line marketplace that should be run on a commercial basis. This study shows that there are opportunities for the plastic industry to be at the forefront of a circular initiative that could also be utilized by other industries with adjustments to reflect the specific requirements of each industry.

  • 5.
    De Jong, Annelise
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Nellström, Maja
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Bergman Esk, Lena
    Glad, Linda
    Lundén, Hanna
    Minskad användning av take away engångsförpackningar genom retursystem för flergångsmuggar och flergångsmatlådor2021Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Detta projekt utgår ifrån utveckling och implementering av ett retursystem på campusområden och har undersökt hur systemet kommer att påverka olika aktörer och slutkunder. Totalt genomfördes 5 fallstudier inom projektet från våren 2020 till mars 2021. Vi har genomfört projektet i en tid där en världspandemi (Covid-19) har haft stor påverkan på vårt liv, och stora delar av samhället behövde stänga ner. I projektet har Coronaviruset lett till minskad eller utebliven försäljningen av mat och dryck i campusområden eftersom universitet, högskolor och även kontor har stängd. Resultatet visar att sett till totalt antal drycker och maträtter sålda i take away-förpackning (engångs-, flergångs- och medhavd förpackning) utgör antal drycker eller maträtter sålda i flergångsmatlåda en väldigt liten andel. Dock kan konkluderas att alla flergångsmuggar som var sålda, användes i genomsnitt ca 2,5 gånger, och flergångsmatlådor användes i genomsnitt 1.2 gånger. Från beteendestudien har även framkommit att det finns utmaningar i att skapa förståelse och vilja att använda systemet, både för slutkunder och ägare samt personalen på restauranger och kaféer.

    Projektet har också resulterat i rekommendationer för uppskalning och policyåtgärder, samt konkreta lösningar för vidareutveckling av retursystemet, och har varit det första att utvärdera ett retursystem för take away-flergångsmuggar/lådor i Sverige.

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  • 6.
    De Jong, Annelise
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Sondal, Jonas
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Policylab för återanvändning av take away-förpackningar2022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this project, which is funded by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, has been to map what obstacles and opportunities exist to increase the reuse of take away packaging for food and drink, and to explore what policy measures can be used to deal with the obstacles and increase the opportunities for a changeover.The report highlights thirteen policy measures proposed by industry representatives which, in their entirety, should be considered as possible solutions for different problems and types of actors, since there is no one-size-fits-all solution. After a prioritization, the report highlights four proposals, which have been further analyzed in an impact analysis: Using public procurement as a policy instrument, making it more expensive for consumers to buy and use disposable packaging and implementing communication efforts aimed at consumers are the proposals that most people see as driving . Even more tests and pilot trials would have a significant effect in driving development.

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  • 7.
    Fjellander, Liv
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    De Jong, Annelise
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Att skapa delningskultur - En vägledning för hur bostadsbolag kan underlätta delning av saker, fordon, ytor, kunskap och tid i bostadsområden2021Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In Sweden, many people are used to sharing historically, having open access to large public spaces and the right of public access, as well as functions such as care, sports halls, laundries and waste management, mobility such as public transport and products, such as in libraries, parks, and leisure centers. Sharing stuff, transport, spaces, time and knowledge has the potential to contribute to a number of sustainability gains, both ecological, social and economic.

    Based on identified success factors and pitfalls, we describe what to consider when it comes to collaboration with residents, collaboration with actors, collaboration internally and collaboration with the district within sharing. A guide has been developed for Stockholmshem primarily for area managers, customer service and central support functions within the housing company for collaborative dialogues about sharing, but which is open to other housing companies to use. The guide provides seven steps to increase the opportunities for sharing between residents and businesses in residential areas:

    1.  Make an inventory

    2.  Set sustainability goals

    3.  Create dialogue

    4.  Design and develop

    5.  Support engagement and growth

    6.  Develop support systems

    7.  Support independence and further development

    The project has been led by IVL Swedish Environmental Institute in collaboration with Stockholmshem, IIIEE Lund University and ÅWL Architects. It has been implemented as a strategic project within Sharing Cities Sweden, part of the strategic innovation program Viable Cities for smart and sustainable cities, which is supported in a joint initiative by Vinnova, the Swedish Energy Agency and Formas.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 8.
    Fjellander, Liv
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Nyblom, Åsa
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    De Jong, Annelise
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Sondal, Jonas
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Hur fungerar återanvändning 2035 i Sverige?: Usereuse scenarier, fyra möjliga framtider2024Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In the project Usereuse, the IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute research how a system for reuse can be created, improved and scaled up in various arenas so that reuse becomes norm and perceived as easier than new purchases. In this study, 15 actors have jointly produced four scenarios for how reuse might work in Sweden in 2035.

    The purpose of the scenarios is to create a common map of possible developments for the reuse of items and to identify obstacles and potential, risks and measures to make solutions adaptable and more future-proof. The scenarios orient us in the landscape of how the use and consumption of things will look like in 2035 and give four different answers to the question: How does reuse work in 2035 in Sweden?

    How much will future solutions be based on regulation or voluntariness? Is it more about keeping fewer things longer or that many people use the same things? Is it mainly about the thin itself or how we use it? How large-scale or small-scale systems can make reuse scale up? How is it affected by whether we have a lack of or plenty of free time? All the scenarios are normative and describe four possible futures that take us in the direction of the Doughnuts planetary and social boundaries.

    Stories about where we are and where we are going shape our view of the world and influence which courses of action we see as possible. Scenarios are a transformative tool for exploring, developing and evaluating our operations and our communities. The report contains a tool to support those who want to use the scenarios in relation to their business.

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  • 9.
    Jong, Annelise De
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Potential för ökad återanvändning i Södertälje kommun2020Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Den här studien har tittat både på potentialen för återanvändning i Södertälje kommun och på hinder och möjligheter som finns för att öka återanvändningen samt kommunens roll för att uppnå den potentialen. Rapporten är framtagen som underlag till Södertälje kommuns handlingsplan för ökad återanvändning.

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  • 10.
    Jong, Annelise De
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Boberg, Nils
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Bolinius, Dämien Johann
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Welling, Sebastian
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Lewrén, Adam
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Plastiloop - en marknadsplatform för plastspill2020Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Den här studien har utforskat potentialen för utveckling av en digital plattform som möjliggör utbyte av plastspill som uppstår i produktionen. Rapporten innehåller analyser av mängder plastspill med potentiella miljövinster, samt rekommendationer för utveckling av plattformen.

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  • 11.
    Milestad, Rebecka
    et al.
    KTH.
    de Jong, Annelise
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Bustamante, Maria J.
    KTH.
    Molin, Elvira
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Martin, Michael
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Malone Friedman, Carrie
    KTH.
    Sustainability assessments of commercial urban agriculture – a scoping review2024In: Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, E-ISSN 2571-581X, Vol. 8Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The field of urban agriculture has seen an increase in development and attention in recent years, with a large share of literature addressing whether urban agriculture may pose a solution for food insecurity and combat environmental impacts. However, few studies have examined the many sustainability claims of urban agriculture systems, especially for urban farms intended for larger output and commercial ends. In this study, we analyze sustainability assessments of urban agriculture for commercial implementation. We do this by exploring the methods employed for conducting sustainability analyses, outlining the different urban agriculture cultivation systems, analyzing which sustainability aspects are considered, looking into what the sustainability analyses conclude, and studying how authors anticipate the knowledge gained from their sustainability assessments can be used.

    Environmental aspects of sustainability were more often assessed than other sustainability aspects, and LCA research practice was used for the majority of environmental assessments. Some studies compared the environmental benefits of different types of urban agriculture systems, but this was not conclusive overall as to what systems would be more environmentally beneficial. This suggests that urban agriculture’s sustainability cannot be universally categorized but should be assessed in relation to specific environmental conditions and urban contexts. Future research should aim to develop more nuanced frameworks for evaluating the environmental, social, economic and governance impacts of urban agriculture.

  • 12.
    Nyblom, Åsa
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Lundberg, Susanne
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Fjellander, Liv
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Johansson, Kristin
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    De Jong, Annelise
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Att göra detaljhandeln hållbarare genom användning av LCA: Vägar från data till förändring av sortiment och miljöprestanda inom handeln2022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Syftet med studien var att utforska hur livscykelanalysers transformativa potential kan utnyttjas på bästa sätt inom detaljhandeln. Denna bransch har en nyckelroll för nödvändig omställning av produktion och konsumtionsmönster, men behöver stöd och ny kunskap för att komma vidare med hållbarhetsarbetet. Mer specifikt ville vi studera:

     •    Hur kan detaljhandeln använda LCA som underlag för att förbättra miljöprestandan  längs produkters värdekedjor?  

    •    Hur kan LCA-kunskap effektivt implementeras för att driva inköp, leverantörer, kunder och arbetsprocesser att tillsammans bidra till uppfyllandet av miljömål? 

    Studien utfördes som en fallstudie på produktkategorin hudkräm tillsammans med Apotek Hjärtat, Perrigo och IDUN Minerals – alla aktörer i produktkedjan för hudvård och skönhetsprodukter. Studien genomförde en LCA-screening på tre hudkrämer (en per aktör) och frågeställningarna ovan undersöktes genom en samskapad och workshop-baserad process.  Studien visade att LCA-data har en viktig roll att spela på olika ställen i beslutsprocessen, men att det är allra viktigast att LCA-data kommer in så tidigt som möjligt för att kunna påverka viktiga beslut med bäring på miljöprestanda. LCA-screeningen visade att produktion av formula och tub har i stort sett lika stor klimatpåverkan och att vad som händer med tuben – om den källsorteras eller inte, har stor betydelse för resultatet.   

    Studien bekräftade att det finns ett stort gemensamt behov av miljö- och hållbarhetsdata för arbetet med hållbar produktutveckling, och att detta arbete med fördel samordnas, och i viss mån kräver samarbete genom hela värdekedjan. För att förändring av produkters hållbarhetsprestanda ska kunna genomföras krävs också kommunikation. Dels genom värdekedjan så att producenter känner till och kan anpassa sig till ökade hållbarhetskrav från detaljhandeln, dels med kunder så att deras förväntningar och betalningsvilja kan följa med de förändringar som branschen gör. Det största hindret mot att implementera LCA-data i produktutvecklings- och inköpsprocesser ligger enligt studien i de konflikter med affärsmässighet och ekonomiska mål som kan uppkomma i processen.

    Kostnader för framtagandet och användning av LCA-data (och eventuellt högre pris för hållbara ingredienser, förpackningar och tillverkning) måste integreras i affärsmål och produktkalkyler för att kunna få genomslag i företagens egna arbetsprocesser utan att målkonflikter uppstår. Resultaten från projektet visade på det hela taget att det finns mycket att vinna på att involvera hela värdekedjor i denna typ av process – och att det går att skapa förtroendefulla dialoger där nyckelpersoner kan dela erfarenheter för att tillsammans söka lösningar på problem som är svåra att lösa för det individuella företaget.

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  • 13.
    Romson, Åsa
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Eriksson, Flintull Annica
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    De Jong, Annelise
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Förslag till färdplan: Stärk möjligheterna att återvinna verksamhetsförpackningar av plast i egna loopar2023Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Denna färdplan är utvecklad av aktörer kring återvinning av verksamhetsförpackningar av plast inom ett innovationsprojekt kallat Sluta cirkeln för industriell plast. Färdplanen beskriver hur det pågår en stark utveckling av regler som rör plastförpackningar och att detta innebär både utmaningar och möjligheter för enskilda loopar. Den beskriver frågor kring vikten av att perspektiv från enskilda loopar tas med vid följdreglering, att lokal upphandling och tillsyn kan spela roll samt föreslår en nationell strategi för att säkra infrastruktur för materialåtervinning. Färdplanen riktar sig främst till beslutsfattarei återvinningsbranschen, myndigheter ochkommuner som alla har viktiga roller för att förbättraförutsättningarna för enskilda förpackningsloopar.

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