I den här studien, finansierad av Energimyndigheten, analysera styrkeområden inom svensk miljöteknikexport. Det undersöks vilka typer av miljöteknikföretag som har varit framgångsrika när det gäller export samt inom vilka miljötekniksegment och på vilka marknader dessa företag har varit framgångsrika. Resultatet visar att exporten av miljöteknik är generellt sett är störst till Europa och Asien. Energi- och resursåteranvändning är det starkaste området inom svensk miljöteknikexport, men bland företag med innovationskraft växer nya exportområden fram.
It is suggested that trade measures should be used to induce exporters to adopt more ambitious climate policy and reduce global emissions. However, a tariff and the exporter's emission tax are likely substitutes, which would undermine the rationale for these trade measures. This paper examines incentives to regulate the climate under border carbon adjustment (BCA), defined as an import duty of a magnitude determined by the difference in emission taxes between trade partners. Unlike a tariff, a BCA can induce the exporter to adopt a higher tax, suggesting that the BCA and tariff are not equally effective at targeting global emission levels and that the features of the border measure matter in assessing the effectiveness of trade policy in targeting global emissions.
We empirically evaluate the impact of an sudden and unexpected increase in Swedish electricity prices in the 2000s on the imports of intermediate inputs by Swedish manufacturers. We find that imports declined as domestic electricity prices rose for firms with the most electricity-intense in-house production. We rationalize these findings by developing a simple model of trade in intermediate inputs, which illustrates that energy-intense firms may decrease imports if it is sufficiently difficult to substitute between domestic- and foreign-sourced inputs as domestic energy prices rise. The offshoring mechanism which we identify can help to reconcile conflicting empirical results in the carbon leakage and pollution haven literature, and also has implications for determining the extent to which energy intense trade-exposed sectors should be exempt from domestic climate change policy.
An understanding of the effect of widening retail distribution on sales is useful for both producers and retailers. A key difficulty in dealing with this interaction is the ‘chicken or egg’ problem: wider distribution leads to higher sales, but higher sales also lead to wider distribution. This paper discusses the interaction between the push and pull factors that determine the distribution–sales relationship, and then discusses a novel quasi-experiment that identifies the one-way, causal effect of distribution on sales.