This report summarizes the results from the project EXIT – external costs, policy instruments and cost-effective measures for sustainable shipping. We assess the impact on society of emissions from shipping using external costs. Policy instruments for sustainable shipping are analyzed for cost efficiency from a ship-owner's perspective. We also discuss how policy analysis and external costs can be combined in scenarios analyzing the impact of shipping in future years. We assess how various pressures from shipping degrade marine ecosystems, air quality, and human welfare. This framework enables the quantification of the societal damage costs of shipping by linking environmental degradation to human welfare losses. The framework is based on the DAPSIR (Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact, and Response) approach, which structures the pressures from different emission sources in shipping to evaluate their environmental impact and translate these effects into human welfare losses.
Additionally, it incorporates Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) to compare the impacts of different emissions in different impact categories and finally assess the monetary costs of shipping-related environmental degradation. A main focus has been on estimating emissions of hazardous substances from shipping and the impact category marine ecotoxicity. The external costs are calculated for all large merchant ships (>5 000 GT) that operate in European waters and quantified for marine ecotoxicity and human health. Global efforts to reduce GHG emissions from shipping are analyzed. They are primarily driven by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The IMO 2023 GHG Strategy aims for net-zero GHG emissions from international shipping by or around 2050. Midterm-measures to reach the IMO ambitions are under discussion and include a technical element and an economic element. The two major policy measures on European level with a potential impact on Swedish GHG emissions from shipping are the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) and the FuelEU Maritime. EU ETS has been extended to cover CO₂ emissions from large ships entering EU ports. FuelEU Maritime Regulation mandates the gradual uptake of renewable and low-carbon fuels and the use of onshore power supply in ports from 2030 onwards.