Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of municipal sewage sludge has the potential to become one of the techniques for future sludge management at Swedish municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).
Some expected benefits of the HTC technology are a more sustainable sludge management and return of nutrients via the produced hydrochar, as well as other positive effects such as less greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient leakage into the environment.
At the same time, certain challenges such as the handling of process water and uncertainties about the properties of the produced hydrochar need to be investigated. In order to answer these questions and gather practical experience for HTC as a sludge management alternative, pilot trials with C-Green's OxyPower HTC™ have been carried out at Roslagsvattens WWTP in Margretelund, Åkersberga, Sweden.
Undigested sludge was treated to produce hydrochar and the produced HTC water was used at KTH/IVL's pilot plant Hammarby Sjöstadsverk in various side- or mainstream bench- and pilot-scale tests for biological treatment.Hydrochar and sludge from Roslagsvattens WWTP in Margretelund were characterized and tested in growth trials with soil and peat.
The formation of carbon dioxide in soil was also evaluated. In these studies, the results were also compared with hydrochar from four other substrates (digested food waste, stable manure, biosludge from treatment of process water from a pulp/paper mill and digested mixed sludge from municipal WWTPs).The project has shown that C-Green's OxyPower HTC™ is a possible technical alternative for treating Margretelund’s undigested sewage sludge. Various tests have illustrated that the technol¬ogy can reduce the sludge volume through an increase in TS to about 65 %, not only for sewage sludge but also for several other investigated substrates.
Although the HTC pilot plant could not be run continuously as a full-scale plant, still a process stability could be demonstrated. Even though the process is basically exothermic and a net production of energy over the entire process can be observed, the process needs high-quality electrical energy for operation.
An efficient utilization of the surplus heat that is produced thus becomes an important aspect to achieve resource efficiency. C-Green's OxyPower HTC™ is a compact process with relatively little surface area and costs for the process are judged to be dominated by operating costs in the form of energy and operating personnel.Tests with biological treatment of HTC water showed that a mixture with only reject water from sludge dewatering is not sufficient to achieve an effective purification to avoid an increased internal load on the mainstream process.
Although an effective reduction of organic pollutants measured as COD could be achieved, both short-term bench-scale and long-term pilot-scale tests indicated a clear inhibition of nitrification. While no complete inhibition was observed, long-term tests clearly showed that an adaptation of the microbial community over time cannot be expected. At the same time, supplementary long-term pilot tests with biological treatment of both HTC-water and reject water in the mainstream process showed an effective reduction of both organic pollutants such as COD and ammonium. No inhibitory effects were indicated, which is due to the very strong dilution of any inhibitory substances in the HTC water.
A return to the main treatment, however, means a greatly increased internal load, mainly with respect to organic pollutants and ammonium, which require extra process volumes if the effluent levels are not to be compromised.The HTC technology thus constitutes an interesting alternative for sludge management at Swedish WWTPs, which, however, requires consideration of several aspects: the facility's fitness to handle an increased internal load, today's sludge quality for producing good quality hydrochar, and a good integration into existing processes for optimal resource utilization.