Waste arises in all sectors of society and affects the environmental, climate and energy work in these sectors. It is therefore important to have a system perspective when dealing with waste management and energy recovery of waste. The intention of the project is for its results to form the basis for meeting the challenges that energy companies are facing regarding the energy recovery of waste, as well as providing new perspectives in the waste debate. The work is based on interviews, workshops and scenario analysis, in which the scenarios for future waste management and its role in the energy system are elaborated. The overall goal of the project is to investigate how the role of waste in the energy system may change in the future and how it can affect energy companies. To be able to answer this, we examined how much Swedish waste is available for energy recovery in the future. We did not examine how the energy system itself changes but instead focused on how much waste will be available. We also directed our efforts to investigating the responsibility and control that energy companies have regarding waste composition and also the perspective of district heating customers. From the energy and waste companies’ point of view, it is about policy and to put responsibility in the right part of the product chain, if one is to come further than today with petro-based plastic in household waste and to reach a fossil-free society. The district heating customers largely agree on this and emphasize that all actors in society have shared obligation and responsibility to reduce plastic use in society. Many district heating customers have targets like “fossil-free” or “climate neutrality” that do not align with combustion of petro based plastics for energy recovery. At the same time, they agree on that waste incineration is needed, and will be needed for a long time to come, in the Swedish energy system as part of the waste management system. Five scenarios for future waste quantities in Sweden have been developed in the project, based on forecasts done by The National Institute of Economic Research and the results of the workshop “Targets and barriers for energy recovery from waste 2030”, which was held with representatives from energy and waste companies. The analysis shows that the Swedish waste quantity will increase in all scenarios, but also that all cases, except one, will simultaneously lead to constant or reduced waste amounts for energy recovery, due to increased requirements for material recycling and expected high target fulfillment. Provided that the capacity for waste incineration in Sweden is kept constant until 2035 and is fully utilized, the need for imported waste as fuel will be reduced in only one scenario, where the future recycling requirements are not fulfilled. From the energy companies, it is stressed that the climate issue is an international one and that energy recovery of waste in Sweden can lead to great climate benefit by offering waste treatment services to countries with poorer conditions. The results of the project show that a transition from landfill in Europe to energy recovery gives great direct climate gains as emissions of landfill gas are reduced. Furthermore, the results show that it is less important if the waste is energy-recovered in Sweden or in another European country, the climate benefit is still great. However, it is a very complex issue how the international waste system is affected by trade in waste. In the short term, the question may be easier to answer, as one sees a direct benefit from avoiding methane emissions from landfills by exporting waste for energy recovery. In the long term, however, waste trade is likely to have more intricate consequences that are not as intuitive to foresee, for example, that the development of sorting and waste incineration in waste-exporting countries are affected because the incentives are changing.