IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute

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  • 1. Carlsson Reich, Marcus
    et al.
    Wolff, Rolf
    Zaring, Olof
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Wråke, Markus
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Ethical Investments - Towards a Sound Theory and Screening Methodology2001Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This study aims to test and develop methods for environmental and social screening of companies in order to support informed investment decisions. Among others the report deals with the following questions: * What are the characteristics of current ethical screening methods? * What steps and criteria should be included in an ethical screening? * What are advantages/disadvantages of intuitive methods versus analytic methods? * How should gathered information be evaluated? * Does social screening differ from environmental screening? The available literature on ethical screening and decision making has been evaluated. Also, the current screening practices in Sweden and elsewhere were mapped and analysed. Subsequently a flowchart for ethical screening was developed and the method was tested in three case studies. The overall conclusion of the study is that it is both common and motivated that different objectives are used for ethical screening. These different objectives lead to different preferences regarding methods for screening. But to conduct a more elaborate screening, competence concerning companies' ethical practices and the capital market is essential. We acknowledge that intuitive and informal steps always will be present in a screening process. But, to ensure comparability, we believe it is crucial that the overall approach is analytic, formalised, and transparent

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  • 2. Cooper, David
    et al.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Svensk skogsindustris emissioner och upptag av växthusgaser. En bedömning av skogsindustrins bidrag till växthuseffekten.1994Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    I föreliggande rapport redovisas emissioner och upptag av växthusgaserna CO2, N20 och CH4 för den svenska skogsindustrin 1991. Utifrån dessa emissioner och upptag har skogsindustrins bidrag till växthuseffekten uppskattats. Skogsindustrin svarar idag för ett nettoupptag av växthusgaser med ca 20 Mton CO2-ekvivalenter/år när hänsyn tas till den sammanlagda effekten från CO2, N2O och CH4. Totalt sker ett nettoupptag av ca 6,7 Mton C/år som CO2, en nettoemission av ca 10 kton N/år som N2O och en nettoemission av ca 0,8 kton C/år som CH4. De biogena källorna har den största påverkan på de slutliga emissionerna. För att kunna jämföra bidraget till växthuseffekten från olika växthusgaser används begreppet CO2-ekvivalenter. Det innebär att emissioner av N2O och CH4 räknas om till vilket utsläpp av CO2 de skulle motsvara. En jämförelse mellan skogsindustrins emissioner och upptag av växthusgaser ger att CO2 står för ett nettoupptag på ca 24 Mton CO2/år, N2O för en nettoemission motsvarande ca 4 Mton CO2-ekvivalenter/år, och CH4 för en nettoemission motsvarande ca 0,01 Mton CO2-ekvivalenter/år. Sammantaget innebär detta, som tidigare sagts, att skogsindustrin idag svarar för ett nettoupptag av växthusgaser med ca 20 Mton CO2-ekvivalenter/år. Detta nettoupptag beror på att Sveriges skogsbiomassa ökar. På längre sikt kan man förvänta att det uppstår en jämvikt mellan emissioner och upptag av CO2 i skogen. Då kommer troligen N2O-emissioner och fossila CO2-emissioner att få en ökad betydelse för skogsindustrins totala bidrag till växthuseffekten.

  • 3. Cooper, David
    et al.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Swedish Forest Industry's Emissions and Uptake of Greenhouse gases. An Assessment of the Forest Industryns Contribution to the Greenhouse Effect1994Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This report presents the emissions and uptake of the greenhouse gases, CO2, N2O and CH4 connected with the Swedish forest industry in 1991. From the estimated emissions and uptake, the forest industry's contribution to the greenhouse effect has been estimated. Today's forest industry accounts for a net uptake of greenhouse gases by ca. 20 Mton CO2-equivalents/yr based on the combined effect from CO2, N20 and CH4. In total, the forest industry accounts for a net uptake of ca. 6,7 Mton C/yr as CO2, a net emission of ca. 10 kton N/yr as N2O and a net emission of ca. 0,8 Mton C/yr as CH4. The biogenic sources have the greatest influence on the subsequent total emissions. In order to compare the contribution to the greenhouse effect from different greenhouse gases, the term CO2-equivalents has ben used. This implies that the emissions of N2O and CH4 are recalculated to give the same greenhouse effect as the corresponding emission of CO2. A comparison between the forest industy's emissions and uptake of greenhouse gaes, shows that CO2 accounts for a net uptake of ca. 24 Mton CO2/yr, N2O for a net emisionn corresponding to ca. 4 Mton CO2-equivalents/yr, and CH4 fo a net emissions corresponding ot ca. 0,01 Mton CO2-equivalents/yr. Thus the Swedish forestry industry presently accounts for a net uptake of the greenhouse gases by ca. 20 Mton CO2-equivalents/yr. This net uptake is a consequence of Swedish's increasing forest biomass. In the future however, it is expected that a balance between emissions and uptake of CO2 will be reached. In this case N2O-emisssions and fossil fuel derived CO2-emissions will have a greater significance in determining the foret industry's total contribution to the greenhouse effect

  • 4.
    Dufour, Malin
    et al.
    KTH.
    Möllersten, Kenneth
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    How to maintain environmental integrity when using state support and the VCM to co-finance BECCS projects - a Swedish case study2024In: Frontiers in Environmental Science, E-ISSN 2296-665X, Vol. 12Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Limiting global warming to close to 1.5°C by 2100 requires deep and rapidgreenhouse gas emission reductions and carbon dioxide removals (CDR) on amassive scale, presenting a remarkable scaling challenge. This paper focuses onthe financing of bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) in Sweden.BECCS is one of the most prominent CDR methods in 1.5°C-compatible globalemission scenarios and has been assigned a specific role in Swedish policy fornet-zero. A Swedish state support system for BECCS based on results-basedpayments is planned. Furthermore, demand for CDR-based carbon credits is onthe rise on the voluntary carbon markets (VCM) for use towards voluntarymitigation targets. Risks involved with the current Swedish policies areanalysed, specifically for the co-financing of BECCS by the planned statesupport and revenues from the VCM.

    We find that with the current policies,state support systems will subsidise carbon credit prices on the VCM. We arguethat such subsidisation can lower decarbonisation efforts by lowering the internalcarbon price set by actors, thus undermining environmental integrity. It isconcluded that proportional attribution should be applied, i.e., attributingmitigation outcomes to the state support and VCM revenue in proportion totheir financial contribution to the CDR achieved.

    The attribution analysis shouldbe accompanied by adjustments in national greenhouse gas accounting so thatmitigation outcomes that are issued as carbon credits and used for offsetting arenot double claimed (i.e., not used by both a nation and a non-state actor on theVCM towards their respective mitigation targets). If proportional attribution andadjustments in national GHG accounting are not implemented, the credibility andenvironmental integrity of offsetting claims made by carbon credit users areeroded. We recommend that action is taken to operationalise and implementproportional attribution to allow for co-financing of BECCS projects whilemaintaining environmental integrity. Wider implications for ourrecommendations beyond the case of Swedish BECCS are also analysed.

  • 5.
    Erlandsson, Martin
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Ekvall, Tomas
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Lindfors, Lars-Gunnar
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Jelse, Kristian
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Gustavsson, Mathias
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Karlsson, Per-Erik
    Stripple, Håkan
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    PCR guide for construction products and works - Specifications to and evaluation of EN 158042013Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This report is only available in English.

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  • 6.
    Erlandsson, Martin
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Accounting of biogenic carbon in attributional LCA - including temporary storage2017Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Climate change poses one of the largest challenges to mankind. It’s clear that significant mitigation efforts are needed in order to reach a sustainable development for our and future generations. One important strategy in climate mitigation is to convert fossil based industrial processes to those based on renewable sources. In order to make this transition possible, we will have to change to a more biobased economy. Furthermore, the energy required for the production of non-renewable materials such as steel and cement, should as much as possible be based on renewable resources in the future and will, therefore, potentially compete for the same renewable resource stock.

    In each application, the best use of the renewable resources has to be evaluated. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an analytic tool that can be used for such comparative purposes. In order to make the LCA results robust, the used methodologies and their features need to be strictly specified. If the LCA practitioner has too much freedom when applying the methodology, this may result in ambiguous results. This development is actually part of an ongoing market driven development where LCA based declarations for product are used as information modules, as defined by numerous international standards (ISO 14040, -44, -25 and e.g. ISO 21930). These resulting environmental product declarations (EPD) are supplied by the manufacturers, and then used by others in the supply chain, to for instance calculate the impact from construction projects.

    The system perspective chosen for these EPD is a so called attributional LCA. An attributional LCA builds on a modular approach (Erlandsson et al 2015) and on the additivity principal (Tillman 2000). This approach is also described as the “100% rule”, where the sum of impacts from all attributional allocated product systems equals the global impact, ideally. The same system perceptive is e.g. used for national greenhouse gas inventories (IPCC 2006). An alternative system perspective, answering another question, is a so called consequential LCA. A consequential LCA is used to assess a marginal and often hypothetical change as compared to a reference case. The consequential LCA provides a complimentary result to the attributional LCA, describing “what happens if” a particular change is introduced. Attributional LCA methodology is more commonly used in the EPD context since it is more unequivocal. In this paper we have therefore chosen the attributional approach in order to achieve an applicable method for EPD.

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  • 7.
    Flodén, Jonas
    et al.
    Department of Business Administration, School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Christodoulou, Anastasia
    World Maritime University, Malmö, Sweden;Department of Maritime Studies, School of Maritime and Industrial Studies, University of Piraeus, Athens, Greece.
    Parsmo, Rasmus
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden;Department of Mechanics and Maritime studies, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Fridell, Erik
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Hansson, Julia
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden;Department of Mechanics and Maritime studies, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Rootzén, Johan
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Woxenius, Johan
    Department of Business Administration, School of Business, Economics and Law, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Shipping in the EU emissions trading system: implications for mitigation, costs and modal split2024In: Climate Policy, ISSN 1469-3062, E-ISSN 1752-7457, p. 1-19Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    EU recently decided to include shipping, meaning all intra-European shipping and50% of extra-European voyages, in the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS)beginning in 2024. This article provides an early assessment of the impacts of theEU ETS on the shipping sector’s potential reductions in greenhouse gas emissionsfor different types of ships. It further examines selected mitigation measures andthe impact on modals split and costs. The study employs a mixed-methodsapproach  combining  quantitative  estimates  (based  on  data  from  the  EUmonitoring,  reporting  and  verification  system)  with  qualitative  data  andinformation from interviews with key actors and from previous literature.

    This approach aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of theEU ETS. The inclusion of shipping in the EU ETS is expected to introduce significantincentives to reduce emissions. We estimate that switching to bio-methanol at anemissions allowance price of€90–100/tCO2will be cost-effective for a minor shareof shipping segments (representing about 0.5-5% of all ships), whereas at a priceabove€150/tCO2it could be cost-effective for a considerable share (potentially75%) of ships. In the short term, the costs incurred by the EU ETS will be passed onto transport customers as a surcharge. The increased cost may, unless properlyaddressed, drive carbon leakage. Meanwhile, a modal shift away from shippingmay occur in the roll-on, roll-off(RoRo) and roll-on passenger (RoPax) segmentsdue to direct competition with road and rail transport and the relative ease ofshifting to other modes of transport.

  • 8.
    Gode, Jenny
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Särnholm, Erik
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Arnell, Jenny
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Sahlén Zetterberg, Therese
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Swedish long-term low carbon scenario - Exploratory study on opportunities and barriers2010Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In 2009, the Swedish government proposed a vision of reaching zero net emissions of greenhouse gases in the year 2050. However, there are few details on concrete actions after 2020. In the light of the long investment cycles associated with energy, housing, transport infrastructure and heavy industry, we believe that the society now needs to start identifying possible pathways for reaching this vision. The pathways also need to be investigated in terms of their feasibility and consequences. The aim of our study has been to develop and elaborate on one potential future energy scenario where Sweden minimises the use of fossil fuels in 2050 and to identify opportunities and barriers. The scenario we present is one of several possible scenarios and is obviously not a forecast. Our purpose is not to show a likely development, but rather to illustrate, by example, a society that is largely independent of fossil fuels and what would be required to get there. In a next step, more detailed scenarios as well as accurate impact assessments are needed. For example, the impact of high bioenergy utilisation needs to be carefully examined. The results also show several cross-sectoral measures and/or effects that need further study. There is also a need for thorough cost analyses as well as analyses of what is required to implement these measures in practice. We have analysed potential fossil fuel reductions in the sectors industry, residential/service, transports and energy conversion. For these sectors, systematic investigations have been made on measures for replacing fossil fuels, improving energy efficiency and applying new technologies and industrial processes. Our scenario is to a great extent based on existing technologies. In addition to sector specific measures, we have applied cross-sectoral measures such as using industrial surplus heat in the residential sector or forest residues for producing heat and power. Furthermore, we have assumed a system change in transportation and limited use of carbon capture and storage (CCS). The applied measures influence the demand for electricity, heat/steam and fuels. The results indicate a very high demand for biofuels in the future.

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  • 9.
    Grennfelt, Peringe
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Brorström-Lindén, Eva
    Ejhed, Heléne
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Henriksson, Jonas
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Danielsson, Helena
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Vår värld 2010 - Hur blev det?2013Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    I mars 1988 ordnade Industriförbundet, Trygg Hansa, Ångpanneföreningen och IVL en konferens med temat Vår Värld 2010. Som ett underlag till konferensen hade IVL tagit fram ett bakgrundsdokument i vilket man diskuterade utvecklingen fram till 2010 för några då prioriterade miljöproblem i form av scenarier. I denna rapport har vi gått tillbaka och studerat vad vi sa 1988, hur utvecklingen blev i förhållande till de scenarier som vi då beskrev. Vi har studerat fem olika miljöproblem; global uppvärmning, uttunningen av stratosfärens ozonskikt, luftföroreningar (speciellt försurning), övergödningen av havet samt kemikalier. Av de fem ovan nämnda problemen kan vi idag konstatera att när det gäller utsläpp så har stora steg tagits för att lösa problemen för två av dem – hotet mot stratosfärens ozonskikt samt försurningen. För klimat, övergödningen av Östersjön och kemikalier är problemen fortsatt stora och det kommer att krävas fortsatt stora insatser för att nå de långsiktiga målen. Slutligen kan nämnas att med dagens kunskap skulle vi 1988 kanske också tagit upp luftföroreningarnas hälsoeffekter som ett särskilt problem liksom det omfattande nyttjandet av jordens naturresurser av olika slag.

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  • 10. Hagberg, Linus
    et al.
    Karlsson, Per Erik
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Stripple, Håkan
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Ek, Mats
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Sahlén Zetterberg, Therese
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Svenska skogsindustrins emissioner och upptag av växthusgaser2008Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    I denna studie har upptag och emissioner av växthusgaser för aktiviteter förknippade med den svenska skogsindustrins beräknats för åren 2001-2003. Emissioner och upptag i svensk skog och emissioner vid skogsbruk, vid produktion av skogsprodukter och vid transporter inom Sverige har ingått i inventeringen. Studien kommer fram till att nettoresultatet för svenska skogsindustrin är ett årligt upptag på ca 1,6 milj ton CO2-ekvivalenter. Upptaget i skogsekosystemet beräknades till ca 5,2 milj ton CO2-ekvivalenter och emissionerna i det skogsindustriella produktionssystemet beräknades till 3,5 milj ton CO2-ekvivalenter.

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  • 11. Hansen, Ola
    et al.
    Wråke, Markus
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Miljönyckeltal för den Grafiska Mediebranchen1999Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    IVL och IMT har tillsammans med fyra grafiska företag tagit fram rekommendationer om branschgemensamma miljönyckeltal. Syftet är att ge grafiska medieföretag ett kraftfullt och trovärdigt verktyg för att följa upp det interna miljöarbetet och externt kunna påvisa och redovisa miljöförbättringar. Framtagandet av betydande miljöaspekter och branschgemensamma nyckeltal som behandlar dessa aspekter har gjorts genom: 1. Litteraturstudie av tidigare utförda miljöbelastningsutredningar inom branschen. 2. Detaljerad inventering av respektive projektföretags miljöbelastning och nytta. 3. Beräkning och analys av miljönyckeltal för projektföretagen utifrån all inventeringsdata. 4. Regelbundna diskussioner i projektgruppen med delresultat, nationella miljömål, möjligheter för små och medelstora företag, etc som grund. I rapporten presenteras de rekommenderade miljönyckeltalen som en kvot med ett miljöbelastningsmått som täljare och ett mått på nytta som nämnare. 13 miljömått och två nyttomått har valts ut. Som bilaga finns en manual, som möjliggör beräkning av nyckeltalen för det egna företaget.

  • 12. Hansen, Ola
    et al.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Wråke, Markus
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Enroth, Maria
    Norberg, C
    Olsson, Pär
    Förslag till indikatorer för att beskriva företags och branschers miljöprestanda1999Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    IVL, IVF, IMT och SIK har tagit fram förslag till indikatorer och miljönyckeltal för att beskriva företags och branschers miljöprestanda på ett relevant och objektivt sätt. Metoden har tillämpats på branscherna verkstadsindustri, livsmedelsindustrin och grafisk mediebransch. Denna rapport har som syfte att uppnå följande delmål i projektet: Genomgång av egna och andra aktörers tidigare genomförda studier på området. Framtagning av en preliminär uppsättning näringslivsgemensamma indikatorer och nyckeltal. Inventering av miljöstatistik och datasättning av nyckeltal för de tre branscherna. Jämförelse mellan föreslagna näringslivsgemensamma miljönyckeltal baserade på statistik och motsvarande nyckeltal baserade på tidigare genomförda branschprojekt och fallstudier. De föreslagna nyckeltalen är uppbyggda som en kvot där täljaren består av ett miljörelaterat mått och nämnaren av ett nyttorelaterat mått. Ca 40 miljöpåverkansmått har tagits fram som förslag till de näringslivsgemensamma nyckeltalen. Som nyttomål har omsättning, förädlingsvärde och antal arbetade timmar valts ut.

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  • 13.
    Holmgren, Kristina
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Belhaj, Mohammed
    Gode, Jenny
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Särnholm, Erik
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Wråke, Markus
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading for the Transport sector2006Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study we have analysed different options to apply emissions trading for greenhouse gas emissions to the transport sector. The main focus has been on the EU transport sector and the possibility to include it in the current EU ETS in the trading period beginning in 2013. The purpose was to study how different alternatives will affect different actors. Focus has been on three sub sectors; road transport, aviation and shipping. The railway sector has only been treated on a general level. The study includes the following three parts: 1. An economic analysis of the consequences of greenhouse gas emissions trading for the transport sector including an analysis of how the total cost for reaching an emission target will be affected by an integrated emissions trading system for the transport sector and the industry (currently included sectors) compared to separate systems for the sectors, 2. An analysis of design possibilities for the different sub-sectors. Discussion of positive and negative aspects with different choices of design parameters, such as trading entity, covered greenhouse gases , allocation of emission allowances and monitoring systems, 3. Examination of the acceptance among different actors for different options of using greenhouse gas emissions trading in the transport sector .....

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  • 14.
    Karlsson, Annacarin
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Eriksson, Flintull Annica
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    von Bahr, Jenny
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Rootzén, Johan
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Möllersten, Kenneth
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Kloo, Henrik
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Bragadóttir, Hrafnhildur
    Use of economic instruments in Nordic environmental policies 2018-20212023Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The report contains two parts. Part 1 summarizes the most significantdevelopments in the use of economic instruments in the environmental policies inthe Nordic countries. It provides an overview of new instruments or major changesto existing instruments from 2018 to 2021 a detailed country-by-countrydescription of these developments and a cross-country comparison andassessment. Part 1 also provides “raw data” for further analysis by policymakersand other stakeholders, and presents other findings, including policy priorities andgood practices. Part 2 provides an overview overview of policies and instrumentsthe Nordic countries have used to promote clean technologies.

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  • 15. Lövblad, Gun
    et al.
    Skärby, Lena
    Pleijel, Håkan
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Hur kan en utsläppskälla bedömas ur miljösynpunkt?1997Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Rapporten behandlar frågor om värdering av miljökonsekvenser vid lokalisering av en hypotetisk energiproduktionsanläggning till olika delar av landet. Utsläppen av svavel- och kväveoxider från en sådan anläggning kan vara betydande i relation till de totala utsläppen i län med små utsläpp, men bidragen till halter och depositioner är i de flesta fall små,

  • 16.
    Mellin, Anna
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Hansson, Julia
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Fridell, Erik
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Including maritime transport in the EU Emission Trading System – addressing design and impacts2020Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of the project is to assess the overall design and consequences of including maritime transports in the EU ETS. An inclusion of shipping in the EU ETS would likely be built upon the data and scope of the current monitoring, reporting and verification system, which is covering the legs of a ship’s route before and after a port call to one of EEA’s states. The CO2 emissions captured by MRV was 141 Mtonnes in 2018, estimated to grow to approximately 178 Mtonnes by 2026 if no abatement measures are taken. Alternatively, only including emissions from intra-EEA shipping would limit the emission scope, estimated to reach approximately 75 Mtonnes in 2026.

    The costs for the shipping sector will be determined mainly by 1) the price of allowances and 2) if allowances are given for free or if they are auctioned. Based on our assumptions of 5 to 100 % of allowance auctioned, and a price of 25-70 EUR/tonne CO2 gives an estimated additional cost to the included shipping of 0.2 – 12.5 billion EUR. To set these cost increases into a context, it generates a price increase of between 0.6% and 33% per tonne marine gas oil.

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  • 17. Nilsson, Kristina
    et al.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Wråke, Markus
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Allowance Allocation and CO2 intensity of the EU15 and Norwegian refineries2005Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    On 1 January 2005 the European Union Emission Trading Scheme was launched. The launch was preceded by an allocation process in each of the Member States. The main objective of this study was to analyse the allocation in relation to CO2 efficiency for the mineral oil refining sector. A CO2 intensity index for mineral oil refineries was defined and calculated for the refineries within the EU15 and Norway. The IVL CO2 intensity index is based both on the Solomon Energy Intensity Index (EII), an assumed fuel mix and process-specific emissions. Due to uncertainties in input data, the determined values for the individual refineries are fairly uncertain, but the regional values can be used to identify trends. It was concluded that there are substantial differences in the CO2 intensity between refineries within different regions/countries in the EU and these differences have not been considered in the allocation process. However, there seems to be a correlation between allocation and CO2 efficiency for refineries in different regions. With some exceptions countries where the mineral oil refining industry has a low CO2 intensity index have allocated relatively more than countries with industries of high CO2 intensities. Only a few countries have mentioned energy efficiency or reduction potential due to CO2 intensity of fuels used. Only one country (Denmark) has explicitly given a benchmark that will be used for allocation to new mineral oil refineries.

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  • 18.
    Romson, Åsa
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Elkerbout, Milan
    Underlag till Klimaträttskommittén - om tillståndsprocessen och EU-ETS2021Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Rapporten är ett återgivande av det underlag som Klimaträttsutredningen mottog under arbetet med delbetänkandet En klimatanpassad miljöbalk för samtiden och framtiden, SOU 2021:21. Frågorna som analyseras gäller dels skisserade förslag om ändringar i miljöbalken för tillstånd av miljöfarlig verksamhet avseende klimatutsläpp, dels regleringen för EU-ETS i sådana tillstånd.

    En slutsats som dras är att Sverige behöver ha rådighet över Sveriges framtida territoriella utsläpp och därför en möjlighet att införa extra styrning för att nå de svenska målen, även för verksamheter som ingår i EU ETS. En internationell utblick visar att det är vanligt att prissättande styrmedel (till exempel utsläppshandel och skatter) kompletteras med regleringar. Orsaken är ofta politisk. Det kan vara lättare att införa utsläppskrav eftersom prissignalen inte är lika tydlig, för att därefter införa prissättning. Men det finns även ekonomiska skäl, till exempel för att hjälpa införandet av ny teknik eller skapa en infrastruktur som till exempel laddningsstationer för elfordon.

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  • 19. Skärby, Lena
    et al.
    Ferm, Martin
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Johansson, M
    Klemedtsson, Leif
    Lövblad, Gun
    Pihl-Karlsson, Gunilla
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Luftföroreningar och växthusgaser: jordbrukets roll som mottagare och källa1995Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    För det närmaste decenniet är det fem miljöproblem som är angelägna för jordbruket 1) Eutrofiering: det ökade kvävenedfallet orsakar problem för jordbruket eftersom artmångfalden i kultur- och skogslandskap hotas. 2) Försurning: jordbruksmarken försuras av många orsaker varav svavelnedfallet står för cirka 10 %. Kompensationen genom kalkning är idag otillräcklig. 3) Marknära ozon: orsakar skördebortfall (cirka 5 %) och nedsatt kvalitet hos vissa grödor. 4) Kadmium i gröda: halten i grödor ökar och har i vete fördubblats under de senaste 60 åren. 5) Växthusgaser och UV-B-strålning: växthusgaser kommer sannolikt att förhöja temperaturen i atmosfären, samtidigt som ultraviolett strålning ökar. Vi är mycket beroende av vilka utsläppsbegränsningar som sker i andra länder för vår egen miljösituation. I Sverige står jordbruket för närvarande för följande andelar av de totala antropogena utsläppen: kväveoxider 4 %, ammoniak 96 %, totalkväve 28 %, koldioxid 11 %; metan 30 %, och lustgas 35%. Jordbrukets bidrag till växthuseffekten har beräknats till cirka 13 % när hänsyn tas till samtliga svenska antropogena emissioner av växthusgaser

  • 20. Uppenberg, Stefan
    et al.
    Almemark, Mats
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Brandel, Magnus
    Lindfors, Lars-Gunnar
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Marcus, Hans-Olof
    Stripple, Håkan
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Wachtmeister, Alexandra
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    MILJÖFAKTABOK FÖR BRÄNSLEN Del 1. Huvudrapport - Resursförbrukning och emissioner från hela livscykeln2001Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Miljöfaktabok för bränslen är en sammanställning av data för miljöpåverkan vid användning av olika energislag; bränslen och direktproducerad el. Hela livscykeln är beaktad, d.v.s. från råvaruutvinning till förbränning. De data som presenteras avser svenska förhållanden i dagsläget.De studerade bränslena är bensin, diesel, eldningsolja, gasol, kol, naturgas, torv, avfall, etanol, RME, DME, biogas samt trädbränslen (skogsrester, Salix, pelletter/briketter, returflis, tallbeckolja). Data för miljöpåverkan presenteras dels per MJ bränsle och dels per MJ nyttiggjord energi för olika energikällor (energiomvandlingssystem). De energikällor som studeras är värmeverk, kraftvärmeverk, kraftverk (bränsleeldade), villapannor, el från vattenkraft, vindkraft och kärnkraft, samt lätta och tunga fordon. De data som presenteras i rapporten är uteslutande baserade på resultat från andra rapporter. Inga nya mätningar har utförts. För varje energislag har ett antal livscykelanalyser granskats och utvärderats utifrån metodiken om livscykelanalysers genomförande och innehåll. Utifrån denna granskning har de mest relevanta livscykelanalyserna valts ut och fått ligga till grund för den datasammanställning som presenteras här.

  • 21. Uppenberg, Stefan
    et al.
    Almemark, Mats
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Brandel, Magnus
    Lindfors, Lars-Gunnar
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Marcus, Hans-Olof
    Stripple, Håkan
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Wachtmeister, Alexandra
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    MILJÖFAKTABOK FÖR BRÄNSLENDel 2. Bakgrundsinformation och Teknisk bilaga1999Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Miljöfaktabok för bränslen är en sammanställning av data för miljöpåverkan vid användning av olika energislag; bränslen och direktproducerad el. Hela livscykeln är beaktad, d.v.s. från råvaruutvinning till förbränning. De data som presenteras avser svenska förhållanden i dagsläget. De studerade bränslena är bensin, diesel, eldningsolja, gasol, kol, naturgas, torv, avfall, etanol, RME, DME, biogas samt trädbränslen (skogsrester, Salix, pelletter/briketter, returflis, tallbeckolja). Data för miljöpåverkan presenteras dels per MJ bränsle och dels per MJ nyttiggjord energi för olika energikällor (energiomvandlingssystem). De energikällor som studeras är värmeverk, kraftvärmeverk, kraftverk (bränsleeldade), villapannor, el från vattenkraft, vindkraft och kärnkraft, samt lätta och tunga fordon. De data som presenteras i rapporten är uteslutande baserade på resultat från andra rapporter. Inga nya mätningar har utförts. För varje energislag har ett antal livscykelanalyser granskats och utvärderats utifrån metodiken om livscykelanalysers genomförande och innehåll. Utifrån denna granskning har de mest relevanta livscykelanalyserna valts ut och fått ligga till grund för den datasammanställning som presenteras här.

  • 22. Uppenberg, Stefan
    et al.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Wråke, Markus
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Climate impact from Peat Utilisation in Sweden2001Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The climate impact from the use of peat for energy production in Sweden has been evaluated in terms of contribution to atmospheric radiative forcing. This was done by attempting to answer the question 'What will be the climate impact if one would use 1 m2 of mire for peat extraction during 20 years?'. Two different methods of after-treatment were studied: afforestation and restoration of wetland. The climate impact from a peatland - wetland energy scenario and a peatland - forestry energy scenario was compared to the climate impact from coal, natural gas and forest residues. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate which parameters that are important to take into consideration in order to minimize the climate impact from peat utilisation

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  • 23.
    Wråke, Markus
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Burtraw, Dallas
    Kruger, Joseph
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    The Ten-Year Rule: Allocation of Emission Allowances in the EU Emission Trading System2005Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In its guidance on National Allocation Plans (NAPs), the European Commission has discouraged Member States from adopting allocation methodologies that would provide incentives to firms affecting their compliance behavior. The purpose is to promote economic efficiency and to prevent strategic behavior that deviates from individual and collective cost-minimization. For example, some methodologies would reward one type of compliance investment over another. To discourage such actions, the EU Emission Trading System guidelines prohibit ex post redistribution of emission allowances within an allocation period based on behavior in that period. Similarly, the Commission has indicated that decisions about the initial distribution of allowances in the second phase (2008-2012) must depend on measures prior to 2005 so as not to give companies an incentive to adjust their behavior to receive a larger allowance allocation. However, two other aspects of the NAPs-the treatment of closures and new entrants-may also affect firm behavior. An undercurrent in these guidelines is the question of whether Member States should allow incumbent emitters to hold infinitely lived, once-and-for-all property rights to a share of the emission allowances in the future. This paper develops an approach for balancing efficiency considerations with perceived issues of fairness. We propose a ten-year rule to guide policy regarding closure of existing sources and the status of new sources and to guide the initial distribution of emission allowances in general. A ten-year rule would address issues of fairness and capture an important part of the potential gains that could be achieved through an efficient initial distribution of allowances.

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  • 24.
    Wråke, Markus
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Enroth, Maria
    Widing, Angelica
    Brohammer, Göran
    Stadig, Magnus
    Beyer, Gunilla
    Johansson, Robert
    Miljöindikatorer för näringslivet - utveckling och användning inom grafisk medieindustri, verkstadsindustri, livsmedelsindustri och trävaruindustri2002Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Projektets syfte var att utveckla indikatorer för kommunikation, uppföljning och bedömning av företags och branschers miljöprestanda. I projektet togs även handböcker fram för att hjälpa företag att arbeta med miljöindikatorer. En viktig slutsats från projektet är att det är möjligt att finna gemensamma miljöindikatorer för flera, till sin karaktär väldigt olika, branscher. Det tycks lättare att hitta gemensamma synsätt för operativa indikatorer än för ledningsrelaterade indikatorer. Huvudregeln för systemgränser bör vara grind till grind, men undantag bör göras för energi och transporter. Indikatorer bör vara en del i kopplingen mellan det nationella miljömålsarbetet och näringslivets miljöarbete.

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  • 25.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    A Method for Assessing the Expected Climatic Effects from Emission Scenarios Using the Quantity Radiative Forcing1993Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This report presensts a concept for assessing the expected climate effect from emissions of greenhouse gases. The concept is to be considered as a further development of 'Global Warming Potentials' (IPCC, 1990) in the direction towards applications for assessing different energy strategies and decisions

  • 26.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Companion Policies under Capped Systems and Implications for Efficiency - The North American Experience and Lessons in the EU Context2018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Carbon pricing regimes are often preceded and accompanied by companion policies, which can include regulatory standards, subsidies, and additional carbon pricing policies. While carbon pricing programs hold the advantage of identifying least-cost means of reducing carbon emissions, non-price based companion policies provide other advantages, such as addressing other externalities besides the social cost of carbon emissions, targeting specific technologies, addressing impacts on disadvantaged communities, and providing additional incentives for behavioral changes when carbon prices are too low to adequately do so. Companion policies therefore do play an important role in meeting climate goals, but some inefficiencies are expected when carbon pricing and companion policies interact.

    The two North American carbon pricing programs we discuss, the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) and the Western Climate Initiative (WCI), are cap-and-trade programs composed of individual states and provinces that pursue their own climate objectives and policies in addition to participating in emissions trading. RGGI affects the electricity sector in nine eastern US states, and virtually all allowances are auctioned in this program. The WCI is an economy-wide program covering California, Quebec and Ontario, where most allowance are auctioned. The companion policies in those jurisdictions are challenged by the waterbed effect, in which emissions reductions by one facility in a capped system are offset by increased emissions by another facility, leaving total emissions unchanged at least in the short run. Both trading programs reduce the waterbed effect by implementing a price floor in allowance auctions, below which emissions allowances are not sold. RGGI also plans to adopt an Emissions Containment Reserve (ECR), an additional price step above the price floor, applying to about 10 percent of allowances that will not sell at prices below this level. The auction price floors have been binding in both programs, and subsequently prices have risen off the price floor. These mechanisms cause the supply of allowances to decrease in response to lower demand, allowing the trading programs to capture some of the emissions reductions from companion policies through price suppression, but also maintain the buoyancy of the programs by supporting the price despite lack of allowance scarcity and guarantee a stream of revenue for programs supported by auction revenue.

    Companion policies have been fundamental to the design of the RGGI and WCI programs. In RGGI, most auction revenues are invested in energy efficiency, which by design pushes down electricity demand and allowance prices. In this context, the price floor and ECR provide guardrails for the allowance price path. In California, the largest jurisdiction in the WCI, over 80 percent of emissions reductions under the cap are attributable to regulatory measures. California estimates that these measures have a cost per ton of avoided carbon emissions that is greater than the cap-and-trade allowance price. However, these companion policies achieve essential ancillary benefits such as air quality improvements and investments in low carbon infrastructure. An important part of California’s policy is the focus of companion policies and spending of auction revenues to address emissions outcomes in disadvantaged communities.

    The European Union’s Emissions Trading System (ETS) faces the same challenge from the waterbed effect. The EU and its member states have pursued companion policies that reduce emissions at specific facilities in their jurisdictions but do not affect the volume of emissions allowances in the market. This effect contributes to the large surplus of allowances and the low allowance price that the EU ETS market has experienced over the past years. The EU has hence adopted a mechanism called a Market Stability Reserve (MSR), in which allowances are temporarily withheld from auction based on the number of (surplus) allowances in circulation.

    Beginning in 2023, when the MSR reaches a certain volume, some allowances can be permanently cancelled. This mechanism provides some responsiveness of allowance supply to reduced demand. We find through our modeling of MSR outcomes from 2018-2030 that the waterbed effect is diminished but still exists to some extent. We also find that additional emissions reductions have a greater impact on allowance supply the sooner they are taken. Our analysis of the North American and European Union cap-and-trade experiences provide a number of insights that are useful to Sweden in achieving its commitment to reach net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2045.

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  • 27.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Five myths about an EU ETS carbon price floor - Policy Brief, October 20182018Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The brief outlines different perspectives on the past performance of the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) in terms of its allowance price (Section 1), analyses how the recent reform responded to related challenges (Section 2), and considers the case for introducing a carbon price floor in the EU ETS (Section 3). The main part of the brief (Section 4) identifies five myths in the debate of an EU ETS price floor and critically confronts them. Section 5 concludes by discussing potential entry points for introducing a carbon price floor in the context of the upcoming EU climate policy process. While the brief draws on insights from workshop discussions, its views are solely those of the authors.

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  • 28.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Lessons learned from the National Allocation of Allowances - The case of Sweden2006Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In 2005, the Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM), in co-operation with the European Commission and Massachusetts Institute of Technology organised two workshops on the subject 'Lessons learned from the national Allocation of Allowances in the European Emissions Trading Scheme'. Ten experts, representing ten different EU member states were asked to produce a country report describing the allocation process in their country. This report is the resulting country paper for Sweden

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  • 29.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Nyckeltal för bedömning av Sveriges branschers totala miljöpåverkan- metod och tillämpning1997Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Intresset för objektiva uppskattningar av företags och branschers miljöprestanda har kraftigt ökat. I företagens miljöanpassningsarbete finns ett stort behov av att kunna mäta sina miljöprestanda i syfte att avläsa resultaten av arbetet och prioritera mellan åtgärdsalternativ. Miljöinformationsutredningen, som avrapporterades i januari 1997, slog fast betydelsen av att företagens och branschernas miljöinformation redovisas på ett relevant, tillförlitligt och jämförbart sätt. Sveriges Finansanalytikers Förening utgav i november 1996 rekommendationer för hur företagen bör redovisa sin miljöinformation och pekade också på betydelsen av jämförbarhet och objektivitet. Liknande krav har framställts av miljöorganisationer, kunder och konsumentorganisationer. Föreliggande rapport redovisar en ansats till metod för att ta fram miljönyckeltal som möjliggör jämförelser mellan företag inom olika branscher. Metoden, som är under utveckling, har använts för att uppskatta Sveriges branschers bidrag till miljöhoten klimatpåverkan, försurning, övergödning, marknära ozon, avfall, energiförbrukning och transporter. Uppgifter om utsläpp till luft och vatten, produktion av avfall, förbrukning av energi och transporter har samlats in och räknats om i bidrag till nämnda miljöhot.

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  • 30.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Vilken är vägen framåt för EU:s system för handel med utsläppsrätter?2019Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    EU:s system för handel med utsläppsrätter (EU ETS) beskrivs som en hörnsten i den europeiska klimatpolitiken. Systemet som har varit i drift sedan 2005 är världens största system för handel med utsläppsrätter och täcker ungefär 45 procent av EU:s utsläpp av växthusgaser. Systemet har lidit av låga priser på utsläppsrätter vilket inneburit att utsläppen inte minskat i den takt som bedöms nödvändigt för att nå Parisavtalet. Under 2017 genomfördes därför en reform som fick priset på utsläppsrätter att stiga. Rapporten beskriver fyra frågor som författarna bedömer kommer att vara viktiga för att EU ETS ska vara ett effektivt styrmedel i klimatpolitiken framöver.

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  • 31.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Vinnare och förlorare i EU:s system för handel med utsläppsrätter2002Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    EU-kommissionen lade den 23 oktober 2001 fram ett förslag till direktiv om handel med utsläppsrätter för växthusgaser. Sverige har också tidigare tagit fram ett förslag för ett system för utsläppshandel. Föreliggande rapport beskriver det föreslagna EU-direktivet, ställer direktivförslaget i relation till det svenska förslaget, samt diskuterar översiktligt vilka konsekvenser som EU-förslaget kan få på olika sektorer i Sverige. Utfallet för ett företag eller en bransch kommer att bestämmas av en rad faktorer: * Vilka sektorer/anläggningar kommer att inkluderas? * Vilka gaser kommer att inkluderas? · Hur kommer tilldelningen av utsläpsrätter att ske? Fri tilldelning eller auktion? * Fördelningen av utsläppsrätter * Hur kommer sänkor att hanteras? * Vad blir priset på utsläppsrätter *Vad sker med den befintliga CO2-skatten? *Kopplingen mot gröna certifikat * Kommer staten att kompensera drabbade industrier? * Kostnader för egna åtgärder * Utsläppens storlek och trender inom företaget I rapporten diskuteras faktorerna och hur de inverkar på företag och branscher. Rapporten konstaterar att det råder stor osäkerhet beträffande dessa frågeställningar. En viktig fråga gäller om utsläppsrätterna kommer att delas ut gratis eller auktioneras ut, samt om koldioxdskatten tas bort eller blir kvar. I ett enkelt räkneexempel analyseras konsekvenserna av dessa olika alternativ. Resultaten visar att det har avgörande betydelse om utsläppsrätterna delas ut gratis eller auktioneras ut, samt om koldioxidskatten tas bort eller ej. Det kan här förekomma både vinnare och förlorare bland de anläggningar/branscher som ingår i systemet. Slutligen redovisas en intervju med Kjell Jansson, ordförande i den parlamentariska delegation med uppgift att utarbeta ett förslag till ett svenskt system och ett regelverk för Kyotoprotokollets flexibla mekanismer

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  • 32.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Adolfsson, Ida
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Höglund, Jonas
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Gode, Jenny
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Hansson, Julia
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Energy related emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases and the climate impact of forest residues - a synthesis2013Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This report describes measures to reduce non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions and estimates CO2 emissions from using forest residues for energy due to impacts on biogenic carbon stocks.

    Measures to reduce emissions of methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases have been described and quantified where possible. The measures presented for methane is reduced methane leakage from landfills, leakage from transmission and distribution of natural gas and methane from incomplete combustion. Landfills are currently the second largest source of methane emissions in Sweden and the potential to reduce methane leakage is estimated to be 800 kilotonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents, or more than 60% reduction from present emissions. The potential to reduce methane leakage from natural gas pipelines have not been quantified. It is estimated that methane from incomplete combustion could be almost entirely avoided. For nitrous oxide, two different measures were studied. Nitrous oxide from fluidized beds has a reduction potential estimated to around 20 %. However, a study of the reduction potential in the EU-27 shows significantly higher reduction potential.

    Projections of nitrous oxide emissions from road vehicles show increased emissions to 2020 despite measures. The fluorinated gases analysed is HFC leakage from air conditioners and SF6 from switchgears and switchers. The reduction potential is considered high for HFC leakage from AC in vehicles, mainly due to the replacement of HFCs with a high GWP to HFCs with lower climate impact. For sulphur hexafluoride, emission projections show only modest reductions to 2020.

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  • 33.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Chen, Deliang
    The time aspect of bioenergy - climate impacts of bioenergy due to differences in carbon uptake rates2011Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper investigates the climate impacts from bioenergy due to how they influence carbon stocks over time and more specifically how fast combustion related carbon emissions are compensated by uptake of atmospheric carbon. A set of fuel types representing different uptake rates are investigated, namely willow, branches and tops, stumps and coal. Net emissions are defined as emissions from utilizing the fuel minus emissions from a reference case of no utilisation. In the case of forest residues, the compensating “uptake" is avoided emissions from the reference case of leaving the residues to decompose on the ground. Climate impacts are estimated using the measures radiative forcing and global average surface temperature, which have been calculated by an energy balance climate model. We conclude that there is a climate impact from using bioenergy due to how fast the emission pulse is compensated by uptake of atmospheric carbon (or avoided emissions). Biofuels with slower uptake rates have a stronger climate impact than fuels with a faster uptake rate, assuming all other parameters equal. The time perspective over which the analysis is done is crucial for the climate impact of biofuels. If only biogenic fluxes are considered, our results show that over a 100 year perspective branches and tops are better for climate mitigation than stumps which in turn are better than coal. Over a 20 year time perspective this conclusion holds, but the differences between these fuels are relatively smaller. Establishing willow on earlier crop land may reduce atmospheric carbon, provided new land is available. However, these results are inconclusive since we haven't considered the effects, if needed, of producing the traditional agricultural crops elsewhere. The analysis is not a life cycle assessment of different fuels and does therefore not consider the use of fossil fuels for logging, transportation and refining, other greenhouse gases than carbon or energy conversion losses.

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  • 34.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Finnveden, Göran
    Värderingsmetoder för bedömning av den totala miljöpåverkan från produkter och tjänster1997Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Vid förbränning av naturgas sker ett utsläpp av ett antal olika gaser. Tar man även hänsyn till vad som sker tidigare under naturgasens livscykel tillkommer ytterligare emissioner från utvinningsfasen och från transportfasen. Alla dessa emissioner bidrar i olika omfattning till globala miljöproblem (som exempelvis växthuseffekten och ozonuttunningen), till regionala miljöproblem (som exempelvis försurning, eutrofiering och marknära ozon), samt till lokala miljöproblem ( som exempelvis produktion av sot och svaveloxider). Utsläppsbilden kan se olika ut beroende på en mängd olika parametrar som från vilken källa gasen utvinns, hur gasen transporteras och med vilken teknik gasen förbränts. Ser man på andra energislag som exempelvis kol eller biobränslen är utsläppsbilden väsentligt annorlunda jämfört med naturgasen. Jämfört med naturgasen har andra enrgislag högre utsläpp av vissa gaser och lägre utsläpp av andra. Således har man troligen olika bidrag till de olika miljöhoten beroende på vilken typ av energislag som man använder.

  • 35.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Hansen, Ola
    Nettoemissioner av koldioxid till atmosfären vid användning av hyggesrester för el- och värmeproduktion1998Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Föreliggande rapport uppskattar nettoemissioner av koldioxid till atmosfären vid användning av hyggesrester för el- och värmeproduktion. Användningen av hyggesrester kallas i rapporten GROT-uttag (GRenar Och Toppar). Nettoemissioner av CO2, kallat Enet, har definierats som skillnaden mellan emissioner vid GROT-uttag och ett referensfall där hyggesresterna får ligga kvar på marken: Enet=EGROT-Eref. GROT-uttag innefattar emissioner som uppkommer vid förbränning av fossilbränslen vid insamling, flisning och transport, upptag av kol från atmosfären i den växande biomassan, emissioner från förbränningen av biomassan samt indirekta emissioner som orsakas av GROT-uttag. Referensfallet innefattar upptag av kol från atmosfären i den växande biomassan, emissioner som sker vid nedbrytningen av hyggesresterna samt indirekta emissioner som orsakas av de kvarlämnade hyggesresterna. Uppskattningarna ges som ett intervall från en 'low case-' till en 'high case-' uppskattning samt ett 'best estimate'-värde.

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  • 36.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Henriksson, Jonas
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Sjöberg, Karin
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Environmental Indicators for Informal Settlements in South Africa2000Report (Other academic)
  • 37.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Holmgren, Kristina
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Sectoral agreements and competitive distortions - a Swedish perspective2009Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The objectives of this study are to: 1. Give an overview of the current discussion concerning competition distortion in relation to climate policy, 2. Describe results from some studies estimating the actual competition situation for selected activities, 3. Describe what sector agreement models are suggested/ discussed by EU, 4. Describe what sectors are most interesting to target with a sector agreement from a Swedish point of view, 5. Analyse what parameters are important for reducing competition distortion for Swedish Industry. Two studies, for the United Kingdom (Hourcade et al 2008) and Germany (Graichen et al 2008), have recently assessed the potential cost impact for different industrial sectors of CO2-prices due to the EU ETS. Maximum value at stake was used as metrics. The sectors with high potential impact, with a maximum value at stake larger than 10%, are in the United Kingdom Lime and cement, Basic iron and steel, Starches, Refined petroleum, Fertilizers and Nitrogen compounds and Aluminium. In Germany, the sectors with a maximum value at stake larger than 10% are: Cement and lime, Fertilizers and nitrogen compounds, Basic iron and steel, Aluminium, Paper and board, Other basic inorganic compounds and Coke, refined petroleum and nuclear fuels. Ex-ante studies of the impacts of competitiveness and carbon leakage due to the EU ETS fail to find actual impacts. However, that does not mean that there will be no impact in the future, which hold changes both in the EU ETS (method for allowance allocation, allowance prices etc) and possibly also other important circumstances (global demand for certain products and global product prices). In this study, based on official Swedish statistics, the maximum value a stake has been calculated for 52 Swedish sectors. Seven sectors have a maximum value a stake of more than 4%: Coke and refined petroleum (21%), Pulp and paper (11%), Basic metals (10%), Non-metallic mineral (9%), Metal ore mines (6%), Air transport (5%) and Electricity, gas and heat (4%). If Air transport and Electricity, gas and heat are omitted, the five remaining sectors account for 22% of Sweden's carbon emissions. In the Swedish Non-metallic mineral sector (including Cement and lime) the maximum value at stake is considerably lower than for Cement and lime in the UK and Germany. This is most likely due differences in system boundaries. In the Swedish statistics, the Cement and lime industry is a minor part (in terms of value added) of the Non-metallic mineral sector, a sector that also includes Stone, sand and soil industry. The calculated maximum value at stake for Non-metallic mineral is therefore a poor proxy for the Cement and lime sector since other sub sectors may 'dilute' the maximum value at stake. Differences in system boundaries may also explain the significant difference in maximum value at stake between the Swedish steel industry and UK and German steel industries. Other possible explanations may be a higher value added per unit, differences in how value added is calculated, different years applied for the analysis and lower CO2-intensity for Swedish products. In late 2008, the EU proposed three types of sector approaches to be discussed under the Ad-hoc Working Group on future commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol (AWG-KP): i) Sector CDM - a CDM crediting mechanism with a previously established baseline ii) Sectoral no-lose mechanism - Sectoral crediting against a previously established no-lose target iii) Sectoral emission trading based on a sector emissions cap Based on these three sectoral models, we have analysed what parameters are important for reducing competition distortion for Swedish industry. We have assumed that these sector agreements are implemented in a developing country (DC). We conclude that if sector agreements are to reduce distortions on competition, it is important that the sector agreements create a real carbon price in the DC, i.e. that emissions of carbon dioxide are associated with a cost for the emitter. All three sector agreement-models suggested by the EU can potentially create a carbon price. The driver for emission reductions are in all three cases the international demand for offsets. As a potentially large buyer of off-sets, the EU demand for off-sets is likely to increase the carbon price in the DC sector. The choice of EU policy with respect to imports of off-set will therefore have great importance. Other buyers, such as other countries, emission trading systems or the voluntary credit market will of course also be important. Moreover, imports of off-sets may reduce the price on EU ETS allowances, thus further narrowing the carbon price gap between the two markets. If an important objective of a sectoral agreement is to reduce competition distortion it should be implemented in sectors where the corresponding Swedish industry has significant carbon related costs and where there is significant trade intensity between Sweden and regions outside the EU. Our preliminary analysis indicates that Swedish sectors with potentially high maximum value at stake (direct carbon and indirect electricity cost) are Refineries; Pulp and Paper; Iron and Steel;Cement and Lime; and Metal ore mining. The sectors Aluminium and Fertilizers may be important, but have not been assessed explicitly in this study. In addition, electricity production can be important to include in a sectoral agreement since the electricity price may be a significant cost for certain sectors exposed to international competition. Pass-through of costs - consumer incentives. If a sectoral agreement is to reduce competition distortion it is important that the sector participating in the sectoral agreement can pass through the additional carbon costs on the commodity so the carbon intensive products become more expensive for the consumer. A full pass through of the carbon cost could be compromised in countries with centrally regulated prices on carbon intensive commodities or other measures that shield the true price of carbon from the consumer. Target setting - producer incentives. The rules for setting the targets in the DC sector are crucial from a producer incentive point of view. There are two main options here: 1) absolute targets and 2) intensity targets. Absolute targets create high incentives for carbon reductions as long as the targets are not re-negotiated. The disadvantage is that they might be difficult to negotiate due to difficulties in finding an appropriate emission level, risk for hot air and the inflexibility to future adjustments. Intensity targets are based on output times an intensity factor (called benchmarking). But benchmarking leads to reduced incentives: i) as a production subsidy it encourages overproduction and ii) dis-incentivises the substitution to carbon efficient products. A third, theoretical, option would be absolute targets that are updated according to historic emissions. This model would, however, seriously undermine the incentives for emission reductions. In this study, we have argued that from a competition point of view, it's important to create a carbon price in the developing country. A different issue relates to how different sector agreement models influence the compliance costs of participating firms. We describe a situation where a DC industry sector is linked to the EU ETS, and where the EU industry pays for allowances (no free allocation). For a Sector emission trading system where the DC industry has to pay for allowances, the compliance costs could be compatible in the two regions. For Sector CDM and Sector no-lose mechanism, if the government implements a domestic carbon tax, the compliance costs may also be compatible in the two regions. However, if allowances are allocated freely to the DC industry and no tax is implemented, the DC industry would have no costs associated with the carbon emissions below the compliance level. There could here be a significant difference in compliance costs between the industries in the two regions. We have, however, not analysed if significant asymmetries in compliance costs can lead to competitive distortions between regions.

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  • 38.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Klemedtsson, Leif
    The Contribution to the Greenhouse Effect from the Use of Peat and Coal for Energy1996Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Emissions and uptake of greenhouse gases have been estimated for the production and combustion of peat in four Swedish regions. Net emission have been defined as the sum of emissions and uptake from minimg, loading, transportation, combustion and forestation of the peat land minus emissions from the virgin pet land

  • 39.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Källmark, Lovisa
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Incitament och finansiering av Bio-CCS i Sverige2019Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Syftet är att analysera och lämna förslag till den klimatpolitiska vägvalsutredningen (M 2018:07) om olika typer av styrmedel som potentiellt skulle kunna bidra till att skapa incitament och finansieringsunderlag för ett genomförande av biogen koldioxidinfångning och lagring, Bio-CCS. Fem olika systemansatser för finansiering av Bio-CCS har analyserats: att staten köper upp Bio-CCS; att en kvotplikt läggs på fossilbränsleanvändning respektive avfallsproduktion, att EU:s utsläppshandelssystem köper Bio-CCS samt att frivilligmarknaden finansierar Bio-CCS.

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  • 40.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Mandell, Svante
    Marcu, Andrei
    Munnings, Clayton
    Roth, Susanna
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Utvecklingen av EU:s system för handel med utsläppsrätter och den framtida internationella utsläppsmarknaden2013Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Rapporten syftar till att med utgångspunkt i gällande klimatpolitiska beslut, Naturvårdsverkets underlag till Färdplan 2050 och EU-kommissions rapport om utsläppsmarknadens funktion analysera hur EU:s system för handel med utsläppsrätter och den internationella utsläppsmarknaden kan utvecklas på lång sikt. EU:s klimat och energipaket innebär att utsläppen av växthusgaser inom EU ska minska med 20 procent från år 1990 till år 2020. Vidare ska, inom EU:s system för handel med utsläppsrätter (EU ETS), utsläppen minska med 21 procent mellan år 2005 och 2020, medan utsläppen i den icke handlande sektorn (IHS) ska minska med 10 procent under samma period (EU-kommissionen, 2013). Den större bördan i EU ETS motiveras av att åtgärdskostnaderna är lägre där och att det därför är mer kostnadseffektivt att minska utsläppen mer i EU ETS. I EU:s färdplan till 2050 anges en intention att minska utsläppen med 80 till 95 procent till 2050 (EU-kommissionen, 2011b). Utsläppsmålet för EU ETS till år 2020 säkerställs genom att utsläppstaket minskar med 1,74 procent per år. Den reduktionsfaktorn gäller även bortom 2020 och kommer att leda till en total minskning med cirka 70 procent till år 2050. Men eftersom det inte räcker för att uppfylla ambitionen till 2050 behöver ambitionsnivån höjas i EU ETS. Det finns i och för sig en flexibilitet i hur framtida reduktionsmål fördelas mellan ETS och IHS. Men eftersom åtgärdskostnaderna tycks vara billigare i ETS än i IHS är det sannolikt att man, på samma sätt som idag ökar bördan relativt sett mer i ETS än i IHS. EU-kommissionen presenterade 2012 en rapport, The State of the European Carbon Market in 2012, om hur EU:s handelssystem för utsläppsrätter fungerar och kan utvecklas på längre sikt (EU-kommissionen, 2012a). I rapporten konstateras att det finns ett stort överskott av utsläppsrätter vilket riskerar att allvarligt underminera handelssystemets funktion. Rapporten beskriver vidare sex strukturella åtgärder som kommissionen anser kan förbättra den nuvarande situationen inom EU ETS och det nu rådande och växande utbudsöverskottet. Med utgångspunkt i kommissionens rapport har vi analyserat förslagen utifrån ett nationalekonomiskt perspektiv. Vårt fokus har varit på EU ETS och hur dess funktion och effektivitet påverkas av förslagen. Vidare har vi försökt att måla upp ett antal scenarier för hur den internationella utsläppsmarknaden utvecklas i framtiden med utblick mot 2050, och vad det innebär för Sveriges förutsättningar att köpa utsläppsrätter på den internationella marknaden.

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  • 41.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Nilsson, Kristina
    Wråke, Markus
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Kumlin, Anna-Sofia
    Birgersdotter, Lena
    Analysis of national allocation plans for the EU ETS2004Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The EU ETS is a Community-wide scheme established by Directive 2003/87/EC for trading allowances to cover the emissions of greenhouse gases from permitted installations. The first phase of the EU ETS runs from 1 January 2005 to 31 December 2007. Each Member State must develop a National Allocation Plan for the first phase stating: · the total quantity of allowances that the Member State intends to issue during that phase; and  how it proposes to distribute those allowances among the installations which are subject to the scheme In this paper twelve of the national allocation plans have been analysed and compared to the criteria stated in the EU Directive. The twelve allocation plans analysed are: the Austrian, the Danish, the Finnish, the German, the Irish, the Lithuanian, the Luxembourg, the Dutch, the Swedish, the British and the draft Flemish (Belgium) and Portuguese. Generally most countries have allocated generously to the trading sector. The allocation has often been based on future needs. For most sectors the allocation is higher than current emissions. Many countries will have to make large reductions in the non-trading sector and/or buy credits through JI- and CDM- projects in order to fulfil their commitment according to the EU burden sharing agreement of the Kyoto Protocol. In many of the allocation plans the emission reducing measures in the non-trading sector is poorly described and the credibility of the measures are hard to determine. Two sectors have been analysed in more detail, the energy and the mineral oil refining sectors. Figures presenting allocation vs. current emissions for those sectors are given for those countries where data was available in the allocation plan. The energy sector has been considered to have the best possibilities to pass on costs for the allowances to the consumers and hence the allocation to this sector is often more restricted than the allocation to other sectors. The mineral oil refining sector is more exposed to competition from installations outside the system and hence more sensitive to extra costs. This sector is also affected by other Community legislation that will lead to higher emissions. Some allocation plans have clear infringements to the rules given in the Directive 2003/87/EC. Many countries have suggested ex post adjustment of allocation due to different circumstances, which might violate Article 11.1 to the Directive. This paper also contains a list on the status of the allocation plans as of 18 August 2004 and the comments to the allocation plans given in the Commission decisions taken upon them. As of today, 18 August 2004 not all Member States have submitted their final national allocation plan to the Commissions and not all of the plans submitted have been assessed by the Commission

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  • 42.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Roth, Susanna
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Hedberg, Marie
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Euorope's choice - Facts and function of the EU emissions trading system2014Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This guide is only available in English.

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  • 43.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Wråke, Markus
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Principer för fördelning av utsläppsrätter inom ramen för EU:s direktiv om utsläppshandel2004Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This report investigates four alternative allocation schemes for emission allowances. The investigated schemes are ' Emission-based allocation ' Production-based allocation with actor-specific emission factors ' Production-based allocation with benchmarking ' Production-based allocation based on data on Best Available Technology (BAT) All the examined schemes apply free allocation based on historical activities. The allocation schemes are evaluated in relation to the criteria for a National Allocation Plan, listed in the Annex III of the EU ETS Directive, and regarding their conformity with the criteria put forward by the Swedish Parliamentary Delegation on Flexible Mechanisms, The FlexMex 2 Commission. No allocation scheme unambiguously meets all criteria. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. Emission-based allocation schemes are most straightforward, transparent and are easiest to implement. Producion-based allocation schemes meet more of the criteria, but are more costly to implement and require more data. Data on BAT will not be available to the extent necessary in order to base an allocation scheme implemented for the trading starting 2005 on BAT. No scheme will be perceived as fair by all concerned parties, no matter how sophisticated it is. The overall conclusions are summarised in table 9 in chapter 10.

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  • 44.
    Zetterberg, Lars
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Wråke, Markus
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Hansen, Ola
    Sveriges branschers miljöpåverkan - indikatorer för uppföljning mot nationella miljömål2001Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Intresset för att beskriva företags och branschers miljöprestanda på ett kvantifierbart sätt har ökat kraftigt av i huvudsak två orsaker: 1) Företagens miljöanpassningsarbete och i synnerhet den ökande användningen av miljöledningssystem, som ISO 14000 och EMAS, har påskyndat behovet av metoder som kan kvantifiera ett företags miljöpåverkan. 2) I affärsverksamhet efterfrågas miljöinformation. Finanssektorn och andra intressenter efterfrågar miljöinformation som gör det möjligt att analysera företagens och branschernas miljöinformation på ett relevant, tillförlitligt och jämförbart sätt. Underleverantörer till företag med miljöledningssystem kommer i framtiden att behöva redovisa sin miljöprestanda även om de inte själva har ett miljöledningssystem. Föreliggande rapport redovisar miljöindikatorer för olika branscher i Sverige. Indikatorerna beskriver branschernas miljöbelastning med avseende på de nationella miljömålen Begränsad klimatpåverkan, Frisk luft, Bara naturlig försurning, Ingen övergödning och Giftfri miljö. Dessutom redovisas indikatorer som beskriver Arbetsmiljö (som alltså inte är ett av de femton miljömålen)

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