In this report, a survey of policies for the electrification of road transport, maritime transport, and working machinery is presented. The report was commissioned by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency and carried out by the IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.In the survey, we have focused on national policies with a direct impact on electrification.
The main focus has been on the Nordic countries (Norway, Finland, and Denmark), but some comparisons have been made when there was value in finding more examples. Sweden has not been included in the survey.
The policies described include incentives for the purchase of vehicles, vessels, and machinery, incentives for operation and ownership, administrative regulations aimed at supporting the use of electric alternatives, procurement requirements, as well as support, requirements, and investments related to charging infrastructure. We have included both current policies and policies that have been decided but not yet implemented. In some cases, we have also described policies that have been discontinued.In the survey, we have not examined policies with an indirect impact on electrification of these three segments, such as carbon dioxide taxes or investments in electricity production and grids. We have also not looked at policies or other initiatives at municipal, regional, or EU levels.For passenger cars, the survey shows that there is a wide range of policies, while several countries have phased out or even abolished certain policies.
An important observation here is how different policies affect the flow of electric cars in the second-hand market, where Sweden has long struggled with the export of many electric cars.The survey of policies for heavy road transport shows that several countries provide support for the purchase of electric trucks and incentivize the operation of electric trucks through reductions in distance-based taxes.For shipping, the survey shows that relatively few countries have introduced incentives for this transport sector. However, Norway stands out through the introduction of investment support, procurement requirements, and a national action plan for green shipping.
The survey of policies for working machinery shows that few countries currently have such policies. However, we have found examples in Norway and the Netherlands of support for the purchase of electric machinery, support for the conversion of fossil fuel machinery, support for feasibility studies before purchase, and investments in fossil-free construction sites within state infrastructure projects. Norway also has support for mobile charging stations.