IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute

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  • 1.
    Fransson, Nathalie
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Customers' perspective on REWARDHeat solutions2022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this deliverable, the customers’ perspective on the REWARDHeat solutions is in focus. A survey was conducted with both professional customers and end-users in connection to the REWARDHeat demonstration sites in seven different countries (Denmark, Croatia, Germany, France, Italy, Sweden and Netherlands).Customers comfort requirements, flexibility & temporality of the services, willingness to pay for green energy and other aspects for increased end-user engagement in the H&C solution have been addressed. The district heating addressed in the survey offers one or several of the following services: space heating, cooling and domestic hot water.63 responses were collected, 25 from professional customers and 38 from end-users. Respondents think that temperature is the most important aspect of indoor climate. To 51% of respondents the most important indoor climate factor is indoor temperature and to another 25% an evenly distributed temperature is the most important. There is a flexibility in when the services in the district heating offer are more and less important during the day according to 84% of respondents. Only 16% of respondents consider all services to be equally important throughout the day. Domestic hot water is the service respondents are the least flexible about, hot water is considered to be equally important throughout the day according to 48% of respondents. There is further a flexibility in which rooms are more and less important to maintain a comfortable indoor climate.

    The most important rooms where a comfortable indoor climate must be maintained are the bathroom, dining room and living room. Less important rooms are the garage (71% of respondents answered that the room is less important) and the basement (65%), followed by the bedroom (41%). The next generation district energy solutions, such as the REWARDHeat solutions, have competitive advantages compared to other heating solutions in being able to match customers comfort requirements more closely. Increased control could for example enable different temperature levels in different rooms. Comparison of the customers comfort requirements with national legislation on indoor climate yields that all countries need improvement to avoid reducing the efficiency, health and comfort of occupants. Especially the customers’ thermal comfort needs to be better guarded against high temperatures.The cost of heating and cooling is important or very important to 89% of respondents and 94% want to be able to impact the cost. 81% of respondents perceive energy as a commodity and are prone to demand such pricing schemes. 75% of respondents prefer that someone else managed the maintenance of the H&C equipment. The main risk perceived by 32% of respondents towards increasing the level of servicification is a more expensive bill and foreseen benefits are increased comfort (17%) and a carefree contract (21%). 17% of respondents did not perceive any benefits and 27% did not know. Customers engagement in the energy solutions will require more information to create a pull from the market for increased servicification and for customers to develop towards becoming energy citizens. 56% of the respondents display a willingness to pay for a greener heat supply. 18% are willing to pay more than 6% more and 38% would be willing to pay a 1-5% higher price. For a more rapid energy transition, incentives for customers to actively choose green energy are needed.

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  • 2.
    Fransson, Nathalie
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Passivitet i klimatfrågan: Fjärrvärmesektorns exponering mot en utvecklad bioekonomi och ett förändrat klimat2021Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Klimatförändringarna medför nya utmaningar för verksamheter som både beror av politiska beslut för att begränsa den globala uppvärmningen och av de fysiska förändringarna i klimatet. Beslut som tas av verksamheter inom det kommande decenniet kan resultera i inlåsningseffekter om klimatförändringsaspekten inte inkluderas. I projektet Passivitet i klimatfrågan: Fjärrvärmesektorns exponering mot en utvecklad bioekonomi och ett förändrat klimat identifieras vilka påverkansfaktorer som fjärrvärmebranschen i Sverige behöver inkludera i framtida investeringsbeslut för att framtidssäkra verksamheten mot klimatförändringarna och undvika inlåsningseffekter. 

    Sammanfattning max 200 ord

    Den svenska fjärrvärmebranschen står inför stora reinvesteringar detta decennium och tidigare studier visar att majoriteten planerar att investera i liknande teknik som i dag. Inom investeringarnas livslängd kommer förutsättningarna att förändras till följd av klimatförändringarna och ett investeringsbeslut som tas i dag måste inkludera klimatförändringsaspekten för att undvika inlåsningseffekter de kommande 30–40 åren. 

    Projektets mål är att framtidssäkra fjärrvärmens roll i det svenska energisystemet mot förändringar som kan uppstå till följd av klimatförändringarna. Detta genom att identifiera påverkansfaktorer och dess exponering till följd av en utvecklad bioekonomi inom EU och fysiska förändringar i och med ett förändrat klimat. De identifierade påverkansfaktorer grupperas i projektet till tre påverkansbilder. 1) Bränsleberoende: reinvestering i stora produktionsanläggningar centralt belägna i nätet med tungt bränsleberoende och därmed inlåsningseffekter. 2) Det fysiska systemet: störningar på ledningsnät och anläggningar som påverkar leveranssäkerheten. 3) Fjärrvärmeaffären: investeringsbeslut baseras på kunders efterfrågan i dag. Av de tre påverkansbilderna bedöms 3) Fjärrvärmeaffären, vara den mest akuta påverkansbilden att agera på, följt av 1) Bränsleberoendet, och minst akut, 2) Det fysiska systemet. Efter diskussioner med fjärrvärmeföretag bedöms påverkansbild 1) Bränsleberoendet, vara den som medför störst osäkerheter och är svårast att hantera.

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  • 3.
    Fransson, Nathalie
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Klugman, Sofia
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Unluturk, Burcu
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Romanchenko, Dmytro
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Lygnerud, Kristina
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Swartling, Stefan
    Hellström, Göran
    Bergström, Roger
    Ett klimatneutralt Kiruna 2025 med hjälp av spillvärme2023Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Den pågående stadsomvandlingen i Kiruna, att en stor del av staden måste flyttastill följd av LKAB:s fortsatta gruvverksamhet, skapar möjligheter att etablera etteffektivare energisystem och bidra till att uppnå stadens klimatmål. I dag tillgodosescirka 15% av stadens fjärrvärmebehov med restvärme från LKAB och målsättningenpå sikt är att nå 100% restvärme i systemet. Investeringsbeslut som togs 2021kommer att resultera i en ökning av restvärmeandelen på upp mot 70% till 2024 dåLKAB frigör högvärdig restvärme genom att internt ta tillvara på lågtempereradvärme. För att öka andelen restvärme ytterligare finns ett behov av att lagra värmefrån sommarperioden då det finns ett överskott till vinterperioden när behovet ärsom störst.

    I projektet skapas en helhetsbild av restvärmelösningen i Kiruna frånsamspel mellan aktörer till teknik vilket genererar ny kunskap om effektivenergiomställning till hållbara städer med restvärmeåtervinning.Det finns flera alternativ för termiska säsongslager vars tillämplighet baseras påtermogeologisk förutsättningar. Borrhålslager och bergrumslager valdes ut förvidare analys givet förutsättningarna i Kiruna. Genom energisystemmodelleringoptimerades Kirunas fjärrvärmesystem fram till år 2040 genom scenarioanalys. Medett energilager i systemet möjliggörs att en större mängd restvärme kan användastotalt sett över året och särskilt minskar det behovet av värmeproduktion underperioden med störst värmebehov (vintermånaderna), vilket innebär minskadanvändning av spetslastpannor. En nyttokostnadsanalys genomfördes på tvåmodellscenarier.

    Båda scenarierna resulterar i ekonomiska kostnadsbesparingar ochminskade externa kostnader (förbättrad folkhälsa som minskar till exempel uteblivetarbete, sjukvårdskostnader och förtidiga dödsfall) jämfört med referensscenariet, attinte uppföra ett energilager.Ett energilager, borrhålslager och bergrumslager, i storleksordningarna 30 GWh och20 MW simulerades i Kirunas fjärrvärmesystem. Baserat på det värmebehov ochrestvärmeleverans som ligger till grund för lagersimuleringar visar resultaten pågod prestanda framför allt för ett borrhålslager kombinerat med värmepumpar. Förde simulerade alternativen, samt ett jämförelsealternativ med en biobränslepanna,togs investeringskalkyler fram som visade på en övervägande positiv kalkyl för ettborrhålslager med värmepumpar.

    Totalinvesteringen för alternativet med borrhåloch värmepump uppgår till ca. 300 Mkr. Borrhål och värmeväxlare är ungefär 1/3 avinvestering, värmepumpskostnad 1/3 och resterande projektkostnader ochinstallation. Återbetalningstiden är drygt 9 år. Investeringskostnaden för anläggningav bergrumslager är hög vilket försämrar lönsamheten. Troligen skulle investeringskostnaden vara betydligt lägre om befintlig geologisk formation finnstillgänglig att konvertera till energilager. Sådan formation har inte identifierats idetta projekt men givet Kirunas långa gruvverksamhet är det möjligt att fleralternativ finns som skulle kunna utredas.Underlaget som är framtaget inom ramarna för detta projekt pekar på att ettsäsongsenergilager för att ta tillvara på mer restvärme är den långsiktigt optimala lösningen för Kirunas värmeförsörjning. En initial uppskattning av tidplan visar påatt ett sådant lager skulle kunna tas i drift 2028. För det valda energilagret har enhandlingsplan tagits fram som visar nästa steg som behöver tas i Kiruna för attkomma närmare att realisera energilagret och därmed kunna nyttja mer restvärme.

    Lågtempererad fjärrvärme har diskuterats länge i Kiruna. Kombination med ettenergilager och lägre framledningstemperatur skulle vara gynnsamt eftersomurladdningstemperaturen från energilagret inte skulle behöva höjas lika mycket.Skulle Kiruna i ett senare skede, efter att energilagret har uppförts, sänkatemperaturen i nätet skulle det för ett borrhålslager med värmepumpar innebära etteffektivare och lönsammare system. Framför allt skulle mindre el behövas tillvärmepumparna vilket är gynnsamt givet Kiruna Krafts ambitioner om att minskaandelen el som går åt till värmeförsörjningen.Det finns en stor outnyttjad restvärmepotential i Sverige och Europa. Genom enfallstudie av Kiruna har lärdomar för andra städer om effektiv integrering avrestvärme genererats. Framgångsfaktorerna i Kiruna och lösningar påförekommande hinder kan hjälpa andra städer att etablera ett effektivt ochlångvarigt samspel kring industriell restvärme. Att initialt fokusera på att bygga enrelation mellan parterna och etablera förtroende är en viktig nyckel för att kunnaidentifiera lösningar på andra förekommande barriärer. Flera ekonomiska barriärerhar haft stor påverkan och de har lösts genom transparens i kalkylerna, med ettgemensamt uppsatt mål att samarbetet inte ska påverka stadens invånareekonomiskt och genom statligt finansieringsstöd.

    En viktig framgångsfaktor har varit etablerandet av en strategisk samarbetsplattform som garanterat enkontinuerlig dialog. En kontinuerlig dialog krävs dels under etablerandet avsamarbetet men är lika viktig under pågående leverans för att inte riskera att tappabort relationen och förtroenden.För att identifiera vilka faktorer som kan påverka att innovativa energilösningarimplementeras för restvärmeåtervinning har projektet gjort en jämförande analys avbeslutsprocessen vid valet av fjärrvärmeteknik i Nya Kiruna Centrum ochBrunnshög i Lund. Beslutsprocessen resulterade i konventionell fjärrvärmeteknik tillNya Kiruna Centrum och ett lågtempererat fjärrvärmesystem i Brunnshög. Eninnovativ målsättning, särskilt i de externa direktiven, kunskap omrestvärmeåtervinning, antingen internt eller hos en långvarig samarbetspartner ochen holistisk syn på staden där många aktörer engageras för att man bättre ska kunnaförutse förändringar på lång sikt har identifierats som viktiga. För effektivenergiomställning av städer med restvärmeintegrering behöverrestvärmepotentialen kartläggas och inkluderas i stadens energiplanering i ett tidigtskede och i samverkan med relevanta aktörer. Energiplaneringen bör ske samtidigtsom, och i samråd med, andra större förändringar i staden för att undvikasuboptimala system där energieffektiviseringsprincipen inte tillämpas.

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  • 4.
    Fransson, Nathalie
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Lygnerud, Kristina
    Särnbratt, Mirjam
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Business models at REWARDHeat demonstrators2022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this report, business models have been developed for the demonstration sites in the REWARDHeat project with the purpose to uncover lessons learned about the shift in business logic when transitioning from conventional DH business models to low temperature schemes. The business models have been developed in an iterative process with the DH companies participating in the project, during the first three years of its elaboration. A particular focus has been placed on the innovative component of the business models, i.e., the green value creation and its value to different stakeholders. Selling heat as a service (instead of as a commodity) has been the starting point in developing the business models. Contractual considerations and ownership forms have been analyzed for each of the demonstration sites.

    The findings enable the project to respond to the main questions of the deliverable: How does the REWARDHeat business model experiences differ from a conventional DH business model and what can we learn from the transition to low temperature DH solutions?The aggregated results show that the demo sites focus on technical innovations but seven out of 10 also develop business innovations by increasing the service offer to customers. The business logic of low temperature DH makes it more efficient to develop the business innovation simultaneously with the technical innovation.The lack of EU legislation on waste heat recovery is causing uncertainties. Investors need to know whether the investment is considered sustainable. The value of green is created at all demo sites and valued by most stakeholders. It is however only exploited in the business model at three demo sites.Offering more advanced service to customers necessitates a shift towards being more customer oriented.

    By assuming ownership and maintenance of the substation at the customer site, the boundary condition is shifted to inside the customers’ buildings. It creates a value of carefreeness for the customer as the DH company assumes more risk. The DH company gains from increased control of the network, something increasingly important in low temperature solutions. Three demo sites are offering advanced services resulting in a co-dependent relationship with the customer where the collaboration requires integration of processes.The main change in the business model canvas for low temperature installations, in comparison to conventional DH, is the necessity to manage relationships. Relationship building is required for new partnerships, due to multiple decentralized heat sources, and for the prosumer customer segment, instated from waste heat and renewable energy integration. As decentralized energy sources are introduced to the DH network the distribution network becomes more important and large-scale centralized production plants less important. The business logic of low temperature solutions is more on circulating available resources, utilizing the available flexibility in the distribution network, and implementing more advanced control to manage the system efficiently.

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  • 5.
    Fransson, Nathalie
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Lätt, Ambjörn
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Lundblad, Mattias
    Emissionsfaktorer för bränslen till el- och värmeproduktion2020Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Projektet har tagit fram uppdaterade och aktuella emissionsfaktorer (växthusgasutsläpp) och primärenergifaktorer för biogas, HVO, RME och energitorv som används till el- och värmeproduktion för svenska förhållanden. Emissionsfaktorerna redovisas i g koldioxid-ekvivalenter per MJ bränsle och primärenergi som MJ per MJ bränsle. Resultaten baseras på publicerade data och har valts ut med hjälp av uppsatta kriterier i Miljöfaktaboken 2011. För HVO, RME och biogas redovisas emissionsfaktorer uppdelade på utsläpp från energiomvandling respektive utsläpp från produktion och distribution. För torv tillämpas en metod där torvens nettoutsläpp från hela livscykeln beräknas och visar på ett spann baserat på vilken typ av mark som tas i bruk, efterbehandling av marken samt val av tidsperspektiv.

    Rapporten visar att den åtgärdsareal som behövs för att kompensera årliga utsläpp av energitorv skördad på en hektar varierar stort. Den minsta arealen som krävs är 1,2–1,4 ha om åtgärden är att återväta tidigare jordbruksmark till sjöliknande förhållanden för att kompensera för utsläpp som uppstått då torv skördats från näringsrik torvmark utan skog. För andra markexempel och åtgärder kan arealen som behövs för att kompensera utsläppen uppgå till 200 ha.

    Två olika synsätt för miljövärdering av rökgaskondensering lyfts fram i rapporten, ett bokföringsperspektiv och ett konsekvensperspektiv.

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  • 6.
    Fransson, Nathalie
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Sandvall, Akram
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Karlsson, Kenneth
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Unluturk, Burcu
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Romanchenko, Dmytro
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Andersson, Rasmus
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Nilsson, Johanna
    Aurora, Övereng
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Liptow, Christin
    REWARDHeat PESTLE Analysis2022Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In this deliverable, factors impacting effective replication of Low Temperature (LT) District Heating and Cooling (DHC) networks with Low Temperature Heat (LTH) and Renewable Energy (RE) sources integration are analyzed. A PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technical, Legal and Environmental) analysis is performed for seven European countries, which host one or more REWARDHeat demonstrators.The PESTLE analysis was performed in a three-step process. The first step was data collection for each of the components included in the PESTLE analysis through literature reviews, interviews with the demo-sites, surveys distributed to and answered by the customers of the existing DH systems and energy systems modelling using the TIMES (The Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System) model generator for understanding the environmental impact long term. The second step was to identify and prioritize key factors identified for each of the PESTLE components. The third step was to rate the identified key factors together with experts from each demo-site country. The key factors were rated either as a barrier (major or minor) or as an opportunity (major or minor).Overall, the results of the PESTLE analysis show that there are more opportunities than barriers for the replication of LTDHC networks in the investigated countries. Opportunities mainly arise from the ambitious political goal of the EU to become climate-neutral by 2050. The EU goal leads to ambitious national targets for the Heating and Cooling (HC) sectors, which are still greatly dependent on the use of fossil fuels. Positive customers’ opinions and the current characteristics of the HC sectors in the investigated countries are also identified as opportunities for the development of LTDHC networks. At the country level, Denmark and Sweden are the countries in which conventional DH networks are well-established and it is in these countries the most opportunities for LTDHC can be found. A tradition of investing in large, centralized heat generation plants could however pose a barrier, and a regime shift is therefore necessary. We show that with the development of LTDHC networks, the cost of heat supply in the investigated HC sectors can decrease, if compared to the development without LTDHC.

    From the environmental perspective, the development of LTDHC networks and utilization of LTH and RE sources is shown to result in fuel savings and lowered air pollutant emissions in all the demo-site countries, except for Denmark in which insignificant increase in specific primary energy use per unit of generated heat can be expected.The lack of targeted state-based financial support for developing innovative HC networks is identified as one of the main barriers for the replication of the REWARDHeat solutions in most of the countries. The likely reason for this is deemed to be a lack of awareness and understanding about the LTDHC concept among politicians and decision makers. Hence, more knowledge needs to be generated about the concept, for example through demonstration projects such as REWARDHeat. Another main barrier is that LTDHC is currently only suitable for a small share of the building stock, mainly new or refurbished buildings. Table 1 shows overview of the PESTLE analysis results for each of the investigated countries. The values “3” and “4” on the green background represent opportunities (minor and major, respectively) and the values “1” and “2” represent barriers (major and minor, respectively). The results from the energy system modelling, which served as a basis for analyzing environmental key factors as well as the Specific cost of heat economic factor, are also briefly presented in this deliverable and are available on an interactive webpage accessible from the project official website (www.rewardheat.eu).

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  • 7.
    Fransson, Nathalie
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Särnbratt, Mirjam
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Investor perspectives on hydrogen investments2024Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Investment volumes directed to hydrogen projects need to increase drastically for the market to take off. Investors were interviewed for their perspectives on the emerging market, risk management and evaluation criteria applied to hydrogen investments and what needs to be done to attract more investors. The conclusion of the investor interviews is that hydrogen investments are perceived as high-risk investments and that investors that are able to invest in hydrogen in this nascent phase are more risk tolerant. The investment is made to learn more about the technology and the main driver is the belief that hydrogen could contribute to achieving necessary greenhouse gas emissions. . Considerable uncertainty surrounds the hydrogen investments of today, making it difficult for investors to approach the investment case in the same way as they do the more established technologies.  The informants therefore requested a more predictable and stable policy landscape to accelerate hydrogen investments.

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  • 8.
    Lygnerud, Kristina
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Fransson, Nathalie
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Circularity characterizes low-temperature district energy business models2024In: Smart Energy, ISSN 2666-9552, p. 100132-100132, article id 100132Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study has been undertaken to understand whether business models for heating, cooling and hot water can be categorized as circular. The study addresses the case of new, combustion-free technology by resorting to low-temperature district energy. Such systems necessitate smart infrastructure with efficient demand and supply matching ensuring the most cost-efficient use of heat supply over time. By studying 10 cases in a research project stretching across 3 years, it is identified that all cases display circular economy features, across the categories of reuse, reduce and recycle. The category of reverse logistics is only identified in 7 cases where energy is circulated within the networks. The integration of excess heat exhibits a particularly strong circularity case, covering all four circular economy dimensions. The circularity of low temperature district energy business models is, however, not free, but comes at a cost compared to conventional combustion-based technology, as new key resources and consequential investments are needed. The major conclusion of the study is that low temperature district energy business models are inherently circular, an important information for European policy making, fostering a circular energy transition.

  • 9.
    Lygnerud, Kristina
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Klugman, Sofia
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Fransson, Nathalie
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Nilsson, Johanna
    Risk assessment of industrial excess heat collaborations – Empirical data from new and ongoing installations2022In: Energy, ISSN 0360-5442, E-ISSN 1873-6785, Vol. 255, p. 124452-124452, article id 124452Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Excess heat could meet approximately 25% of the heat demand in the European building sector. However, the recovery of excess heat is low, which has been attributed to financial, technical and organisational barriers. There is limited information on the perceived risk exposure of excess heat recovery at different points in time, before undertaking the investment or after having undertaken the investment, and at locations with existing district heating networks or not (greenfield). This is unfortunate because experience can enable new collaborations. In this paper, we compare the perceived risk exposure of four greenfield and two ongoing industrial excess heat recovery collaborations.

    In doing so, we confirm previously identified barriers, such as difficulty to agree on the value of excess heat, the risk of a single heat source and lack of regulation. We also find that, with experience, changes to the excess heat-generating processes are increasingly important, whereas, greenfield sites find the lack of ‘know-how’ to be risky. However, the main conclusion from this paper is that the risks of industrial excess heat recovery collaborations appear to be over-emphasised. In fact, risk exposure of industrial activity can be reduced through industrial waste heat recovery as excess heat is characterized by limited price fluctuations and new environmental requirements from customers and authorities can be met proactively. Combining experience with a standardised excess heat recovery policy should significantly reduce the risk exposure of new collaborations.

  • 10.
    Mata, Erika
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Kihila, J.M.
    Wanemark, J.
    Cheng, S.H.
    Harris, S.
    Sandkvist, F.
    Nyberg, T.
    Yaramenka, K.
    Fransson, Nathalie
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Fridén, Håkan
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Non-technological and behavioral options for decarbonizing buildings – A review of global topics, trends, gaps, and potentials2022In: Sustainable Production and Consumption, ISSN 2352-5509, Vol. 29, p. 529-545Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 11. Peñaloza, Diego
    et al.
    Mata, Érika
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Fransson, Nathalie
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Fridén, Håkan
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Samperio, Álvaro
    Quijano, Ana
    Cuneo, Alessandra
    Social and market acceptance of photovoltaic panels and heat pumps in Europe: A literature review and survey2022In: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews, ISSN 1364-0321, E-ISSN 1879-0690, Vol. 155, p. 111867-111867, article id 111867Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 12.
    Strandberg, G.
    et al.
    SMHI.
    Blomqvist, P.
    Profu.
    Fransson, N.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Göransson, L.
    Chalmers.
    Hansson, J.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Hellsten, S.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Kjellström, E.
    SMHI.
    Lin, C.
    SMHI.
    Löfblad, E.
    Profu.
    Montin, S.
    Energiforsk.
    Nyholm, E.
    Profu.
    Sandgren, A.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Unger, T.
    Profu.
    Walter, V.
    Västra Götalandsregionen.
    Westerberg, J.
    Profu.
    Bespoke climate indicators for the Swedish energy sector − a stakeholder focused approach2024In: Climate Services, ISSN 2405-8807, Vol. 34, p. 100486-100486, article id 100486Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Climate change concerns the energy sector to a high degree because the sector is sensitive both to changing conditions for power and heat production, and to changing demand for electricity, heating and cooling. In this study potential consequences of climate change on different parts of the Swedish energy sector were assessed in a series of workshops, where climate and energy scientists, energy systems experts and analysts met with representativesof the energy sector to assess the vulnerability of the sector and consider what climate indicators could be used to assess impacts of relevance. The impact of climate change depends on the energy type. Hydropower, for which production is naturally linked to weather and climate, is significantly impacted by climate change. For other forms of production, such as nuclear power, other factors such as e.g. policy and technology development are more important. The series of workshops held in this study, where different aspects of climate change and consequences were discussed, proved very successful and has increased our understanding of climate impacts on the energy system.

  • 13.
    Särnbratt, Mirjam
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Fransson, Nathalie
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Dagens affärsmodeller för vätgas i vägtransporten2023Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    Dagens affärsmodeller för vätgas inom vägtransporten kartlades genom en litteraturstudie och intervjuer med vätgasaktörer aktiva på den svenska marknaden. Intervjuerna visade på att aktörerna samarbetar längs hela värdekedjan för att skapa en kritisk massa i sitt kundunderlag och få marknaden att ta fart. Dagens affärsmodell är omogen och är fortfarande i en etableringsfas.

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  • 14.
    Särnbratt, Mirjam
    et al.
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Fransson, Nathalie
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Lygnerud, Kristina
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Storm, Benjamin
    IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute.
    Sernhed, Kerstin
    Hansson, Herman
    Andersson, Martin
    Vätgas i ett framtida energisystem - Affärsmodeller och användning i transportsektorn2024Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In light of the ever-increasing interest in hydrogen and number of hydrogen initiatives, there is a need to holistically approach the current business models for hydrogen and address how these can be strategically adapted to fit the future energy landscape of 2045, the year when Sweden has pledged to be climate neutral. The project has focused on hydrogen production, distribution and application in the transport sector, a fossil-dependent sector where hydrogen could play an important role in the decarbonization of the sector.The mapping of current business models for hydrogen in the transport sector shows a nascent and immature market, where the existing customer segments are within road transportation. The hydrogen actors are faced with major uncertainties concerning the market development and this requires them to collaborate closely with other actors along the entire value chain, including the pioneering customers. The customer value is fossil-free fuel, supplied to the customers. In 2045, the entire business model will be affected by external factors such as decarbonization of all sectors, the pace at which competing technologies develop, trends in the electricity price and, not least, by the possible expansion and upgrading of electricity and hydrogen distribution grids. These so-called boundary conditions, and the suggested layout for the future business models, could be used by hydrogen actors to make long-term strategic choices about how to develop their business model in the future.

    Large investment volumes will be required for the hydrogen market to take off. Through interviews with investors, the investor perspective on the hydrogen business today and in 2045 has been highlighted. Investors who have invested in hydrogen today have a long-term perspective on the investment and do not expect high returns in the short term, but rather see hydrogen as a way to learn about a technology that is strategically important for the future. At the same time, most of the interviewed investors see hydrogen as a high-risk investment and limit its share of the portfolio. For hydrogen actors who need capital, it is important to understand which investor categories may be interested, how the investment is assessed and what risks investors see in the hydrogen business.

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    fulltext
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